Class-11-FUNDAMENTALS-OF-PHYSICAL-GEOGRAPHYenglish (1)
Page 1
Title: Fundamentals of Physical Geography, Textbook for Class XI
Publisher: NCERT
Page 2
ISBN: 81-7450-518-0
Rights: All rights reserved, reproduction without publisher consent prohibited.
Page 3
Foreword: Emphasizes linking school experiences to real life, discouraging rote learning, encouraging reflective learning and creativity.
Page 4
Acknowledgements: Thanks to contributors, institutions, and organizations for their support in developing the textbook.
Page 5
Textbook Development Committee: Lists committee members and roles.
Page 6
Acknowledgements: Thanks to individuals and organizations for materials and visuals used in the textbook.
Page 7
Contents: Lists units and chapters including Geography as a Discipline, Earth, Landforms, Climate, Water, Life on Earth and Conservation.
Page 8
Constitution of India: Discusses fundamental rights including equality, freedom, protection against exploitation, and cultural rights.
Page 9
Unit I: Geography as a Discipline: Overview of Geography's role as an integrating discipline and its significance.
Page 10
Importance of Geography: Connection between environment and human activity; varying resource dependence and adaptation.
Page 11
Definition of Geography: Describes geography as the study of the Earth, covering physical and cultural aspects.
Page 12
Study Focus: Geography studies variations and relationships between different phenomena over space.
Page 13
Geography's Interdisciplinary Nature: Connects various natural and social sciences, studying the relationships between physical and human processes.
Page 14
Branches of Geography: Systematic (study of phenomena worldwide) and Regional (study of phenomena in specific regions).
Page 15
Classification of Geography: Discusses subfields such as Physical Geography and Human Geography.
Page 16
Physical Geography: Examines Earth's physical processes and their impact on the environment.
Page 17
Biogeography: Interaction between physical geography and biological systems.
Page 18
Geomorphology and Settlement Geography: Studies landforms and the spatial dynamics of human settlements.
Page 19
Mass Movements and Erosion: Introduction to different geomorphic processes affecting landscapes.
Page 20
Climate Overview: Includes atmospheric composition, elements of weather, and climate.
Page 21
Atmospheric Layers: Structure of the atmosphere divided into layers with varying characteristics.
Page 22
Hydrological Cycle: Explains continuous water movement and its importance for life.
Page 23
Ocean Relief: Major ocean floor divisions and features like ridges and trenches.
Page 24
Temperature of Oceans: Factors affecting temperature distribution and variability in oceans.
Page 25
Salinity of Ocean Waters: Defines ocean salinity and factors influencing it.
Page 26
Movements of Ocean Water: Descriptions of ocean currents, tides, and waves.
Page 27
Impacts of Tides: Discusses tidal effects on navigation and ecosystem dynamics.
Page 28
Ocean Currents: Causes, types, and characteristics of various ocean currents.
Page 29
Biodiversity Importance: Highlights the role of biodiversity in ecosystems and human life.
Page 30
Biodiversity Loss: Factors contributing to extinction and threats to species.
Page 31
Conservation Efforts: Discusses measures needed to protect endangered species and ecosystems.
Page 32
Final Notes: Urges responsible use of resources to ensure biodiversity preservation.