Imperialism and Migration Flashcards
Wars and Rebellions
- Indigenous groups would awaken their ancestral dead to expel white settlers, leading to wars with the US.
- The US military ultimately crushed these rebellions.
- Coastal cattle killing movement in South Africa (mentioned but not detailed).
Imperial Powers and the Global Economy
- Big Idea: The need for raw materials and increased food supply transformed the global economy.
Shift from Subsistence to Cash Crop Farming
- Subsistence Farming: Growing food for personal/family survival, selling any surplus locally.
- Cash Crop Farming: Growing crops primarily for export (coffee, rubber, sugar, etc.).
Examples of Cash Crop Economies
- Uruguay & Argentina: Cattle ranching boomed to meet European & American beef demand.
- Peru & Chile: Guano extraction (bird poop) for fertilizer.
- Guano served the needs of imperial hubs.
Colonial Economies
- Transformed to serve urban centers in imperial hubs rather than local populations.
- Imperial powers organized economies around specific cash crops (cotton, rubber, palm oil).
Economic Imperialism
- Big Idea: Industrialized states and businesses practiced economic imperialism primarily in Asia and Latin America.
Definition
- Economic Imperialism: One country wields significant economic power over another.
- Differs from traditional colonialism (political and physical control).
Example: Britain and China & The Opium Wars
- Trade Imbalance: Britain had a trade deficit with China.
- Opium Smuggling: Britain smuggled opium into China to reverse the trade deficit.
- Opium addiction in China solved Britain's trade problems.
- Chinese Reaction: Chinese leaders banned opium and destroyed shipments.
- Opium Wars: British retaliation led to the Opium Wars.
- British Victory: Britain won due to superior industrial capacity.
- Industrialized powers had a distinct advantage.
- Results of Opium Wars:
- Britain forced China to open trading ports.
- Free trade agreement imposed on China.
- Economic Imperialism: Britain controlled China economically (but not politically).
Spheres of Influence
- Other industrialized nations (Japan, France, Germany, Russia, US) sought trading rights in China.
- China was divided into spheres of influence, with each power having exclusive trading rights within its sphere.
Economic Advantage
- Imperial powers organized economies to their economic advantage.
Migration
- Big Idea: Environmental and economic factors contributed to migration patterns between 1750 and 1900.
- Driven by industrialization and globalization.
1. Work
- New Labor Systems:
- Slavery being outlawed led to new labor systems.
- Indentured Servitude: Workers agreed to work for a set number of years to pay for passage to a new location.
- After the servitude was over the worker was free to remain or leave, some would remain with cultural diffusion as a result.
- Asian Contract Laborers: Chinese and Indian workers employed post-British abolishment of the slave trade in 1806. Workers were paid extremely low wages.
- Penal Colonies: Convicts sent for hard labor (e.g., Australia by the British).
2. Bad Conditions at Home
- India: Poverty led to mass migration.
- British offered indentured servitude opportunities in Mauritius and other colonies.
- Ireland: Irish Potato Famine (1845) caused hunger and death, leading to mass immigration to America.
- Irish immigrants worked in factories and helped build railroads.
Patterns of Settlement
- Immigrants settled in large cities, contributing to urbanization trend.
- Ethnic Enclaves: Areas within cities reflecting the immigrants' culture, language, and character, further spreading cultural diffusion.
Reception in New Places
- Discrimination faced by immigrants.
- Racist Legislation:
- White Australia Policy.
- Chinese Exclusion Act (United States).
