weather and climate science

Materials and Cycles on Earth

Weather

• Definition: Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere at a given time, and can change minute by minute, hour by hour, or day by day.

• Common inquiries: People often ask things like 'What is the weather like today?' or 'Will it rain tomorrow?', showing a focus on short-term conditions

  • factors that affect weather

  • Temperature

  • Humidity

  • Precipitation

  • Cloudiness

  • Visibility

  • Wind

• Importance of Weather Measurement: Countries worldwide gather data to:

  • Predict upcoming weather phenomena.

  • Identify weather patterns.

  • Assess historical weather data over time.

  • Prepare for severe weather events like snowstorms or heat waves.

Weather Versus Climate

• Definition of Climate: climate is the average state of weather over a longer period, typically more than 30 years.

• factors affect climate

  Temperature

• Oceans currents

• Climate change

• Latitude

• Key Differences:

  • Weather can alter rapidly (minutes to days); climate tends to change slowly (over decades).

  • Climate includes statistical averages and extreme weather ranges based on historical data.

• Fields study:

  • Weather: Meteorology

  • Climate: Climatology

• Climate Zones:

• polar: very cold and dry all year.

• temperate: cold winters and mild summer

• Arid: hot and dry all year

• tropical: hot and wet all year

• Mediterranean: mild winters and hot, dry summers.

• Mountains/tundra/taiga: very cold

Ice Sheets

• Historical Context: Ice sheets existed significantly across the Earth 25,000 years ago compared to today’s distributions.

Climate and Ice Ages

• Periods:

  • Ice Age: A prolonged period marked by widespread glaciers.

  • Glacial period: time when ice advances beyond normal polar limits.

  • Interglacial period: warmer periods with ice retreat.

• Pattern: The Earth alternates between glacial and interglacial periods over the last 450,000 years.

• The timeline of various ice ages includes significant fluctuations in Earth's climate.

Evidence of Past Climate Conditions

• Glacial Evidence: Boulders and rock formations indicate historical glacier activity through glacial deposits and scratches.

• Pollen Analysis: Peat bogs serve as climate recorders; scientists analyze pollen layers to reconstruct historical climates and conditions over the millennia.

Changes in Earth's Atmosphere

• Early Atmosphere: Initially rich in carbon dioxide, with virtually no oxygen, composed mainly of water vapor, methane, and ammonia.

• Evolution: Changes over millions of years led to the oxygen-rich atmosphere we have today due to photosynthesis by early microorganisms and plants.

• Current Issues: Industrial activities have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, contributing to climate change. Trees and plants serve as critical carbon sinks, but deforestation reduces their capacity to mitigate CO2.

Renewable vs. Non-Renewable Energy

Non-renewable resources (coal, oil, gas) will run out and contribute to global warming.

Renewable energy (wind, solar, tidal) does not run out and helps reduce CO₂ emissions.

• Bioplastics: Environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional plastics, made from renewable sources, help reduce fossil fuel use and environmental pollution from single-use plastics.

Global Warming

• Green House affect Increased levels of greenhouse gases (CO2, methane) trap heat and contribute to global warming, characterized by changes in climate patterns.

• Mitigation: Emphasis on transitioning to renewable energy to reduce carbon emissions and enhance sustainability.

• Solutions to Climate Change

Use more renewable energy sources.

Reduce fossil fuel use.

Plant more trees to absorb CO₂.

Develop bioplastics to replace petroleum-based plastics.