book 1

Balace + Stability

Static: no movement (pasture held).

Dynamic: movement

stability depends:

Lowering COG

Widening BOS

Proper body alignment over BOS

Centre Of Gravitu

•   Body mass evenly distributed

•   COG is located centre of pelvis: varies-mE • Body composition/ charges of movement

•   Lower COG = more stability

•   allows technique adjustments for greater movement efficiency.

Fluid Mechanics

•   Important: running, swiming, throwing anc cues within  Fluid
  air orland water

•   allows athletes to canteract resistance and improve technichal efficiency

Gaseous Exchange

- Defusion (Exchange: axygen and carbon dions From higher → lover concentration.

Pulmonasy

-Bload fion betreea

heart + luggs.

•   Begins right ventricle → pumps de oxygnated,

•   CO2 rich blood → pumonery artery.
  Pumenery artery → arterioles → capilliares:

Drag Force

Resistance opposing motion through a

•   increcses with velocity

•   minimizing drag - conserves energy

Profile Drag

• crected by boaylabuect, shape + size.

• - moton causes finiaseperction =

high pressure front / low pressure rear →

Wake / turbulance.

Reduce:

• Decrease frontal; adopt strechline patuk.

• Slipstream behind another athlete.

Internal exchange

Loaction: systemic capilleries + body cells esp-muscie

- Oygencted blood brought to muscle, oxygen + taken from bload in muscle cell → to muscle

tissue .. carbon dioxide removed into blood.

Oxygen trensported through blood linked ncamogold

→ muscle (myogoblin).

- Venous blood → de oxygenated → back too heart

Surface drag

Shin Friction

- From Friction between abject surface + surancing Fluid.

InFluenced: Fluid density, speed, surface smoothness, contact areas

Buoyancy

•   Upward force exerted by a fluid;  acts opposite to obseet weign (W=mg)

- Determines float or sink

High bouyant (floats)

Fb +- W= float; object displacing equal /greater volume of water that weighs more than itself.

eg PFD /lifesachet

increcses Fb

Low Bouyant (Sink)

Fo<W - insufficient water displaced;

DoMination

e.g flaating vertically —> sink as minimal water, reduced surface opposing bouyant

force・

Force + Newtons Laws

First (inertia. ) body remains at uniform/rest motion unless acted upon by external force

Second (acceleration): F = MxA → acceleration is proportional to net farce + inversely proportional to mass.

Third (action - reaction) action = equal/opposite recction

Systemic Circulction

•   Blood Flow → heart + all othur tissue

•   Begins LV →> pumps oxygnated biood into aorta.

aorta →7 breakdown into arteries → capillaries

-2 deliver to cells-2 remove CO2  → travel through veins Abd back to RA via vena cava

Aerobic Performance

Reduced Or → I sustain aerobic metabolism

- quicher fatigue, slower recovery, ducreased PF.

(endurance sports)

Altitude - height/ elevation regarding sea/ground level

Physological effects of High Altitude

•   reducea oxygen availebility

•   partial pressure of O2 decreased - less aucileble O2

•   Incressed brectning rate

•   increcse rate as bodys attempt to consume  more O2

•   Higher heart rate

•   pumps more frequectly - circulce Or to vitel agens + muscles.

Respiratory System

Cone function. air conduction, ventilation, crucial ges exchange at alveoli. exchange of oxygen + carbon dioxide between air, lungs + blood allows movement,

intensity + sustain life

Pulmonary Circulation

• Blood flow heert to lungs

• Begins PV → pumps de oxygnated blood to lungs → capillaries surrounding alveoli. → blood becomes oxygnated whilst:

carbon dioxide removed intos lungs → blood travels to heart through pulmonary artery

→> empties into LA.

Adaptions + High altitude

- Hypoxia stimulates EPO - increcies RBC

production.

- Result - grecter O2 carrying capacity = adventags h when performing at low altitudes

Haemogobion levels

Higher HB levels: increased O2 delivery to muscles , increased aerobic capacity + endurance.

Lover HB levels: low 02 transport = early fetigue reduced performance.

Haemogoblin 8 exygen transport

- Protein found in RBC- carries oxygen from lungs to body:. removing CO 2  from tissue to lungs .

Digestion + Alsorbtion + Elimination

-Brechdown of Food - smaller molecules

- nutrients absorbed into blaodstreem through

Walls of small intestines.

- removing indigestible substances

Digestive System

mouth- begins digestion by mechanicly brecking down food and mix with saliva

Oesphagus-transport food -stomech.

Stomach- secretes acias + enzymu-break food down

Small intestine- main - nutrient absober lined

with villi — increase surface area

Digestive System

Carge intenstine - absorbs water+ waste .

Liver - produce bile, aids in fat digestion.

Pancrees - produce digestive entrymes

Endocrine System

Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pamcreas + gonads

Glands?

Hormones: chemical messengers releassa by

Galnds .

Function:

regulation- maintain homeostasis-regulating metabolism, growth , reproduction-response to stress.

Energy management: hormone like insulin and glycogen from pancreas manage blood glucose levels

Energy supply

Digestine system brects food down to glucase

- absorbs into bloodstream-

Endocrine system regulates release and use

of nutrients.

eg insulin facilliteles uptake of glucose by muscle, providing energy for movement.

Metabolism Reguction

Thyroid Hormone - regulate metabolism - influence rate of energy use.

Aarenal hormone - Cortsol + carenaline help

manage energy use + stress responses.

Agonist-warking muscle, contracting major muscle agonist for all moveable joint

Antagonist- relaxing muscle, Lengthening for agonist to contract. working in a pair.

Stabiliser - fixator fixed base stabilising muscles during contrection

Agonist-bicep brachii

Antagonist -Tricep brechaii

Stabiliser - Deltoid.