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Studied by 26 peopleNoteStudied by 13 peopleNoteStudied by 209 peopleNoteStudied by 113 peopleNoteStudied by 44 peopleNoteStudied by 9 people
Bone+Tissue+Ch6+OS+-+Bone+Tissue+%28recorded%29
Page 3: Bone as a Tissue
Osteology: Study of bone structure and function.
Key anatomical features: Vastus lateralis & medialis muscles, ACL, Patellar tendon, and associated ligaments around the knee joint.
Page 4: Bone as a Tissue
Osteology: Study of bone structures.
Skeletal System: Composed of bones and cartilage.
Page 5: Bone as a Tissue
Ligaments: Fibrous connective tissues attaching bone to bone.
Page 6: Bone as a Tissue
Tendons: Connect muscles to bones.
Page 7: Functions of the Skeleton
Support.
Protection.
Movement.
Page 8: Functions of the Skeleton
Mineral Storage: Calcium and phosphorus.
Triglyceride Storage: In yellow marrow.
Blood Formation: Red marrow involved in hematopoiesis.
Page 9: Bone and Osseous Tissue
Connective tissue with a matrix hardened by calcium phosphate and minerals.
Page 10: Bone and Osseous Tissue
Individual bones consist of bone tissue, bone marrow, cartilage, adipose tissue, nervous tissue, and fibrous connective tissue.
Page 11: Bone and Osseous Tissue
Bone continually remodels and interacts with other organ systems.
Page 12: Shapes of Bones
206 bones in the adult skeleton classified into five categories based on shape.
Page 13: Shapes of Bones
Flat Bones: Thin and curved (cranial bones, scapulae, sternum, ribs); muscle attachment and protection.
Page 14: Shapes of Bones
Long Bones: Longer than wide (humerus, femur); act as levers when muscles contract.
Page 15: Shapes of Bones
Short Bones: Cube-shaped (carpals and tarsals); provide stability with some mobility.
Page 16: Shapes of Bones
Irregular Bones: Uncharacteristic shapes (vertebrae, facial bones).
Page 17: Shapes of Bones
Sesamoid Bones: Small round bones in tendons under pressure. Example: Patella.
Page 18: General Features of Long Bones
Diaphysis: Tubular shaft between proximal and distal ends.
Page 19: General Features of Long Bones
Medullary Cavity: Hollow cavity filled with yellow bone marrow.
Page 20: General Features of Long Bones
Epiphysis: Ends filled with spongy bone and red marrow; contains the epiphyseal plate.
Page 21: General Features of Long Bones
Articular Cartilage: Reduces friction at joints.
Compact/Spongy Bone: Types of bone tissue present in long bones.
Page 22: General Features of Long Bones
Endosteum: Membranous lining for bone growth/repair.
Periosteum: Outer fibrous membrane, contains blood vessels/nerves, muscle attachment.
Page 23: General Features of Long Bones
Articular Cartilage: Shock absorber at joints.
Page 24: General Features of Long Bones
Nutrient Arteries: Supply bones with blood.
Page 25: Structure of Flat Bone
Diploë: Spongy bone inside flat bones like cranial bones.
Page 26: Cells of Osseous Tissue
Types: Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
Page 27: Osteogenic Cells
Undifferentiated, high mitotic activity.
Differentiate into osteoblasts.
Page 28: Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells found in periosteum and endosteum.
Page 29: Osteoblasts
Responsible for bone matrix synthesis.
Page 30: Osteoblasts
Non-mitotic, secrete collagen matrix and calcium salts.
Page 31: Osteoblasts
Become trapped as osteocytes when matrix calcifies.
Page 32: Osteocytes
Mature bone cells in lacunae, communicate via canaliculi.
Page 33: Osteoclasts
Multinucleated cells that dissolve bone with resorption bay.
Page 34: Bone Matrix - Organic Matter
Composed of collagen and carb-protein complexes (1/3 of matrix).
Page 35: Bone Matrix - Inorganic Matter
2/3 of matrix includes hydroxyapatite (85% of total), calcium carbonate, and other minerals.
Page 36: The Matrix
Importance of calcium salts and collagen; deficiencies result in conditions like Rickets and Osteogenesis Imperfecta.
Page 39: Histology of Compact and Spongy Bone
Spongy bone structures: trabeculae, lacunae, canaliculi connected to bone marrow.
Page 40: Compact Bone
Osteon: Structural unit of compact bone made of lamellae and central canal.
Page 41: Compact Bone
Central canal contains blood vessels and nerves; connected by perforating canals.
Page 42: Compact Bone
Osteocytes locate in lacunae connected by canaliculi to central canal.
Page 43: Structural Features of Bone
Overview of compact and spongy bone features, including blood vessels and lacunae.
Page 44: Structural Overview
Spicules, trabeculae, and connection to medullary cavity and periosteum.
Page 46: Spongy Bone
Contains osteocytes in lacunae within a trabecular network; red marrow supports hematopoiesis.
Page 47: Design of Spongy Bone
Nourishment via periosteal blood vessels; nerve paths determine bone activity and sensation.
Page 50: Bone Marrow
Soft tissue filling marrow cavity of long bones and trabecular spaces of spongy bone.
Page 51: Bone Marrow
Red Marrow: Hematopoietic tissue producing blood cells.
Yellow Marrow: Fatty tissue in adults, replaces red marrow.
Page 53: Critical Thinking Questions
Differences between tarsal and metatarsal bones?
Symptoms of degenerated articular cartilage?
How do compact and spongy bone structures contribute to their functions?
Page 54: Bone Development
Ossification/Osteogenesis: Formation of bone through two methods: intramembranous & endochondral ossification.
Page 55: Intramembranous Ossification
Begins with mesenchymal cells forming ossification centers where bone starts to develop.
Page 56: Intramembranous Ossification
Formation of flat bones, cranial bones, and clavicles.
Page 58: Intramembranous Ossification
Osteoblasts secrete osteoid; matrix calcifies as mineral salts are deposited.
Page 60: Intramembranous Ossification
Compact bone develops above spongy bone with associated red marrow formation.
Page 64: Endochondral Ossification
Bone development by replacing hyaline cartilage; slower than intramembranous process.
Page 65: Endochondral Ossification
Chondrocytes die as matrix calcifies, leading to cartilage disintegration.
Page 66: Endochondral Ossification
Sequences of events during ossification including periosteum development.
Page 70: Cartilaginous Epiphyseal Plates
Remain at growth plate and joint surface; involved in lengthening long bones.
Page 72: Bone Growth and Remodeling
Wolff’s Law: Bones adapt to the stresses placed on them; remodeling dynamics occur throughout life.
Page 76: Bone Growth and Remodeling
Two growth directions: interstitial (length) and appositional (width).
Page 80: Fractures and Their Repair
Basic types of fractures: closed and open; repairs can be approached through medical intervention.
Page 81: Fractures Types
Stress Fracture: Caused by abnormal trauma to bone; common in athletes.
Page 85: Bone Fractures
Types categorized by structural characteristics: complete vs. incomplete, open vs. closed.
Page 91: Bone Fractures
Distinctions among various fracture types, including linear, transverse, spiral, and impacted.
Page 98: Healing of Fractures
Initial clot formation followed by callus development with chondrocytes producing fibrocartilaginous matrix.
Page 100: Healing of Fractures
Over weeks, cartilage in calli replaced by trabecular bone; compact bone replaces spongy bone at fracture margins.
Page 103: Calcium Homeostasis
Key minerals like calcium stored in skeletal system; essential for muscle contraction, blood clotting.
Page 105: Calcium Imbalances
Hypocalcemia causes include vitamin D deficiency, stress, and other health issues.
Page 106: Hormonal Regulation
Three hormones regulate calcium: PTH, calcitonin, calcitriol affecting absorption and resorption activity.
NoteStudied by 26 peopleNoteStudied by 13 peopleNoteStudied by 209 peopleNoteStudied by 113 peopleNoteStudied by 44 peopleNoteStudied by 9 people