Louisiana State University Shreveport 9

Memory Stages

1. Encoding

• Definition: Process of bringing information into memory.

• Main source of forgetting: Information may never be properly encoded.

• Factors affecting encoding: Lack of attention, distractions.

2. Consolidation

• Definition: The process of stabilizing a memory trace after initial acquisition.

• Process: Transition from short-term to long-term memory.

• Key point: Practice and repetition enhance consolidation.

• Blocks to consolidation:

  • Substance interference: Drugs, particularly alcohol and marijuana, can disrupt memory formation.

  • Blackouts vs. Grayouts:

    • Blackout: Complete loss of memory for an event.

    • Grayout: Partial memory loss, some details remembered but not the complete narrative.

  • Other potential blocks: Head trauma and electric shock (shock therapy) can also hinder consolidation and memory function.

3. Storage

• Definition: Maintaining encoded information over time.

• Memory types: Short-term (temporary storage) and long-term (more permanent storage).

4. Retrieval

• Definition: Accessing stored information when needed.

• Failures in retrieval:

  • Decay: Memories fade over time if not revisited.

  • Interference: New information can overwrite or confuse old memories.

    • Examples include conflicting information causing confusion (e.g., misinformation about color of birds).

5. State-dependent learning

• Definition: Memory retrieval is improved when in the same state as when information was encoded.

• Practical example: Studying in the same environment or emotional state enhances recall during a test.

Memory Models Comparison

Computers vs. Human Memory

• Input:

  • Computers use keyboards or scanners.

  • Humans use sensory input (sight, sound).

• Processing:

  • Computers use CPU.

  • Humans process information using the brain, particularly short-term memory.

• Storage:

  • Computers use hard drives.

  • Humans use long-term memory for storage.

• Output:

  • Computers output via screens and printers.

  • Humans output through speaking or writing.

• Comparison:

  • Computers are more dependable and do not forget.

  • Humans can process multiple tasks simultaneously (parallel processing) rather than sequentially (serial processing).

Sensory Memory

1. Iconic Memory (Visual)

• Capacity: 12 to 20 items.

• Duration: Brief, lasting only milliseconds.

2. Echoic Memory (Auditory)

• Capacity: 4 to 5 items, less than iconic memory.

• Duration: Approximately 5 seconds.

3. Other Sensory Memories

• Touch, smell, taste: Exist but less studied. Their capacities and durations are less defined in typical studies.