In-Depth Notes on Late Adulthood

Late Adulthood Overview

• Definition: Late adulthood spans from mid-60s until death; it is the longest developmental stage in human life.
• Demographics:
  • Fastest growing age demographic in the US.
  • 1 in 7 Americans (65+)
  • By 2050, projected to be 1 in 4 Americans.
  • Baby boomers (1946-1964) significantly impact these statistics.
• Life Expectancy:
  • 65-year-olds in 2015 expected to live 19 more years (5.5 years longer than in 1950).
  • "Graying of America" impacting healthcare, housing, social security, and technologies.

Aging Worldwide

• US aging slower than countries like Japan, Germany, and Italy.
• By 2050, worldwide population aged 65+ will rise from 8% to 16%.
• Countries with Notable Proportions (2012):
  • USA: 13.7%
  • Japan: 24%
  • Germany/Italy: 20%

Theories of Aging

• Programmed Theories: Aging follows a biological timetable (gene expression changes).
• Damage or Error Theories: Environmental factors cause cumulative damage over time.
• Genetic Factors: Certain genes influence longevity; long-lived people show specific traits and genetics.
• Cellular Clock Theory: Limit to how many times cells can divide (Hayflick limit).

Physical Changes in Late Adulthood

• Physical Appearance:
  • Thinner skin, age spots, body stature changes (sarcopenia = muscle mass loss).
• Visual Changes: Common due to cataracts, macular degeneration, and glaucoma.
• Hearing Changes: Presbycusis (hearing loss), tinnitus increase with age.
• Chronic Conditions:
  • High cholesterol (58.2%), hypertension (56.7%), arthritis (48.7%), diabetes (20.5%), etc.

Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood

• Memory Changes:
  • Working Memory: Declines more significantly than long-term memory; older adults struggle with multi-tasking.
  • Long-term Memory: Semantic memory (facts) tends to stay intact longer than episodic memory (events).
• Intelligence: Crystallized intelligence remains stable or increases; fluid intelligence declines.
• Wisdom: Involves using accumulated knowledge; increases with age but is affected by life experiences.

Psychosocial Development

• Integrity vs. Despair (Erikson):
  • Acceptance of life achievements vs. regrets can lead to feelings of wisdom or bitterness.
• Social Networks:
  • Relationships with family and friends are crucial; declining social ties are common.
  • Loneliness vs. Solitude: Loneliness can be detrimental, while solitude can offer self-reflection.
• Generativity: Older adults may continue to care for or mentor younger generations and remain active participants in society.

Aging in America

• Economic Concerns: Aging-related financial strain is prevalent; women are often more affected.
• Living Arrangements:
  • Majority of older adults live with a spouse; multigenerational living on the rise in some demographics.
• Elder Abuse: Increased risk among older adults; abuse can be physical, emotional, financial, or neglect.

Final Considerations

• Substance Use: Risks of drug and alcohol abuse increase with age; education on usage is critical.
• Successful Aging: Encompasses avoiding disease, maintaining functioning, and being socially engaged.
• Future Outlook: Preparation for financial, social, and health needs essential as population ages.