Unit 7 apush

APUSH 1890-1909 

Empire & Expansion U.S. imperialism 

Since the 1790s U.S. territorial expansion has largely focused on western expansion. 

In 1893, Frederick Jackson Turner said the frontier was closed. 

The 1890s marks a transition in U.S. history: the United States becomes a global power. 

Motives for imperialism 

• Economic: open up markets abroad, access to cheap raw materials 

• Political: desire to compete with other nations 

• Strategic/ Military: acquire naval bases 

  • - Alfred T. Mahan “The Influence of Sea Power”- need to have a powerful navy. 

  • Building of the panama canal 

• Ideological motives: idea of the “White Man’s Burden” 

  • Darwin’s concept applied to international affairs 

  • Rev. Josiah Strong’s “Our Country” Anglo Saxon civilizations is superior 

    • Must colonize other lands to spread “superior” civilization 

Hawaii: 

In 1820’s American missionaries went to the islands to convert native people to christianity. 

American sugar and pineapple planters begin buying up land. 

• Dole family 

In 1887 the United States signed a treaty establishing Pearl harbor naval base. 

Various interests in the U.S. want to annex hawaii. 

Queen Liliuokalani advocated that Hawaii should be controlled by the Hawaiian people. 

Revolt orchestrated by plantation owners overthrew the queen in 1893. 

Grover Cleveland rejected annexation, William Mckinley annexed in 1898. 

Spanish American War: 

Cause: 

USS Maine Explodes 

• Yellow press blames spain for the destruction of the battleship maine 

• April 1898 the U.S. declares war against spain 

  • U.S., Cuba, Philippines vs. Spain 

• Teller amendment: the U.S. has no intention of taking over cuba.

  • Cuba will control their own government 

Cuba was one of the few colonies still controlled by spain 

• Revolts against Spanish rule were becoming more common. 

Spanish General “Butcher” Weyler took controversial steps to stop the rebellion. 

• Reconcentration camps: many cubans die of starvation and disease 

Why does the U.S. care? 

• U.S. investments in sugar plantations 

• Sympathy for the plight of the cuban people 

  • Yellow Journalism: exaggerated reporting 

De Lome Letter: Spanish official disrespects President Mckinely. 

Secretary of State John Hay referred to the war as “a splendid little war” 

George Dewey crushes the Spanish fleet in Manila bay. 

Theodore Roosevelt led a volunteer regiment called the “Rough Riders.” 

War ends in 1898 

Treaty of Paris will spark debate in the U.S. 

Treaty of Paris: 

Gives the United States Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. 

Impact of the war: 

Key debate: What should the U.S. do with these newly acquired territories. 

Debate in congress: 2/3 majority required to ratify a treaty 

The Anti Imperialist League opposed annexation of the Philippines.

• Members included Carnegie, AFL leader Samuel Gompers, Mark Twain, etc. 

Mckinley favored expansion and congress narrowly approved the treaty. 

• Know about U.S. actions in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines 

Cuba: 

The U.S. technically leaves Cuba in 1902. 

• Remember the Teller Amendment… 

Platt Amendment passed in 1901

• The U.S. can intervene to restore peace and order. 

• Cuba could not sign a treaty with a foreign power that limited its independence 

• U.S. could maintain a naval base at Guantanamo Bay 

Puerto Rico 

Foraker Act(1900)- Puerto rico was granted limited degree of popular government 

• Withheld full self rule

• Congress grants U.S. citizenship to people born there. 

Status of places such as Puerto Rico and the Philippines were uncertain 

• Did the rights and protections under the U.S. constitution follow the flag? 

Insular Cases: constitutional rights are not automatically extended to people in American territorial possessions. 

The Philippines

Emilio Aguinaldo was the leader of the Filipino independence movement against spain. 

• Fought alongside the U.S. against spain 

Following the Treaty of Paris he thought the Philippines would receive full independence. 

Brutal guerilla war takes place between the U.S. and the Philippines. 

• Lasts 3 years 

• No formal independence till 1946 

Access to China

Access to China 

• Gaining new markets of China 

Problem: other nations had carved up china into spheres of influence 

• Area of exclusive trading privileges

Secretary of State John Hay announces open door policy in 1899 

• All nations should have equal trading privileges with China

Boxer Rebellion was an attempt to remove foreign influence of China 

• Rebellion put down by an international force 

President Theodore Roosevelt 

William Mckinley is reelected in the Election of 1900. 

Roosevelt becomes the president when Mckinley is assassinated in 1901. 

Under Roosevelt there is a dramatic rise in the power of the presidency. 

TR will purse an expansionist foreign policy 

• “Speak softly and carry a big stick” 

Panama Canal

The presence of a canal would dramatically cut down travel time 

• Trade 

• Military 

First attempt to build a canal was by france

• Failed 

Roosevelty attempted to get Columbia to allow the U.S. to build a canal in Panama. 

• Columbia rejects the treaty that would allow the U.S. to build a canal

TR decides to secretly support the movement for Panamanian independence from Columbia. 

• Hay - Bunau - Varilla Treaty: gives U.S. the right to build canal 

1914: Panama Canal is completed 

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine 

Monroe Doctrine(1823): stay out of the western hemisphere. 

Various Latin American countries owed money to countries such as England and Germany 

• England sends warship to Venezuela in 1902 

• Santo Domingo owed money 

• Worried europe would keep intervening 

The U.S. has the right to intervene in Latin America 

• Dramatically expands U.S. rule in Latin America

  • Various presidents send troops to Haiti, Honduras, the Dominican Republic, and Nicaragua. 

Roosevelt in East Asia 

TR wins a nobel prize for helping negotiate a peace agreement ending the Russo Japanese War (1905) 

• Japan beat down Russia 

• The U.S. increasingly concerned over the growing strength of Japan 

Gentlemen’s Agreement(1902): 

Laws in California discriminated against Asian immigrants(nativism) 

• San Francisco  required Asian students attend segregated schools (Fear of “yellow peril”) 

TR and Japan reached a compromise 

• Japan secretly agreed to restrict the emigration of Japanese workers to the U.S. 

• TR pressured california to repeal its laws 

Great White Fleet(1907-1908): Roosevelt sends new U.S. fleet of battleships around the world. 

• Demonstrates U.S. growing power 

Mckinley(25), Roosevelt(26), Taft(27), and Wilson(28) all believed in playing more active role in world affairs. 

Spanish American War: 

Monroe Doctrine: 

• The U.S. feared that Europe would try to recolonize territory in the western hemisphere. 

• England also wanted to keep europe out of the western hemisphere 

• Monroe Doctrine(1823): The U.S. warned Europe to stay out of the western hemisphere. 

  • The U.S. agreed not to interfere with existing colonies or to involve itself in European affairs 

• No Immediate impact 

Ostend Manifesto(1854)- U.S. plan to buy Cuba from Spain and make a slave state 

After banning of slavery related to cuba

• U.S. interest in Cuba 

  • U.S. investments of millions of dollars in sugar plantations 

Cuba Libre! 

A new revolt broke out against spain in 1895 

• Jose Marti- Cuban leader for independence 

American Public Opionion: 

• American businesses wanted to protect their property/ investments. 

  • INVESTMENTS IN CUBA 

• Growing support for the plight of the Cuban People 

• In 1896 Cleveland agreed to stay out of European affairs in cuba. 

President Mckinley Elected in 1896. 

General Valeriano Wyler sent to Cuba to manage problems 

• Sent Cuban people to concentration camps 

• Put under martial law 

• Thousands ended up dying 

Newspaper competitions 

• Joseph Pultizer 

• Willaim Randolph Hurst 

Yellow journalism- Sensational journalism that exaggerated the truth in order to sell newspapers. 

• These headlines intensified the U.S. peoples want to get involved with Cuba 

The De Lome Letter- De Lome wrote a letter to Spain insulting Mckinley. 

USS Maine mission: bring back American citizens in danger from the rebellion and protect the American property. 

Explodes in the harbor(1898). 

Americans blamed Spain for the problem. 

• Yellow journalism

Concern of Spanish treatment of the Cuban people. 

In April 1898 the U.S. declared war. 

• Only lasts 15 weeks 

George Dewey smashes Spain's fleet in the philippines. 

It had a dramatic impact on American policies. 

Approximately 17,000 soldiers were sent to cuba

• African american regiments served in segregated units 

Theodore Roosevelt famously resigned as assistant secretary of the navy to lead the Rough Riders. 

Treaty of Paris: December of 1898 

• Free cuba, Guam, Caribbean 

• Sold Philippines for $20 million dollars

Anti Imperialism league- opposed U.S. taking over countries following the treaty of paris and the annexation of the Philipines. 

• Members were very diverse and included Andrew Carnegie, AFL leader Samuel Gompers, Mark Twain, etc. 

Worrying about acquiring territories would be bad for American workers. 

Mckinley favored annexation of the territories. 

• Assume a bigger role of the U.S. 

Annexation of the Philipines 

• Aguinaldo hoped spain would be kicked out and philippine independence would be reinstated. 

  • Already christian due to colonization. 

• Viewed philipines as needing to be civilazed 

• Perfect spot for naval base and access to china 

Philippine- American War: 

Lasted 3 years and involved over 126,000 American troops. 

Guerilla war 

Forced them to live in designated zones so they could not aid the war. 

Way more americans died, over 42,000 american deaths 

Costs the U.S. 420 million 

The U.S. set up a government for the philippines. 

Progressive Era: 

In the late 19th century the U.S. continued its shift from a rural, agricultural economy to an urban, industrial economy led by large corporations. 

Industrial growth expanded opportunities and changed american society 

• New jobs and tech 

• Movement to urban areas 

• Immigration increased 

  • Espically from southern and eastern europe

Economic instability led to new efforts to reform U.S. society and laissez faire capitalism 

• The Panic of 1893 and other economic declines led for calls for reform.  

  • Interstate commerce act and Sherman anti trust act were rarely enforced. 

The progressive era of the early 20th century responded to economic instability, political corruption and social conerns by calling for greater government action and other political and social measures. 

• The main idea: effort to use government power to regulate and improve society. 

  • Rejection of laissez faire 

Progressive journalists attacked what they saw as political corruption, social injustice, and economic inequality. 

• Muckrakers: investigative journalists that advocated for reform. 

• Economic- Ida Tarbell: “history of standard oil”, John D. Rockefeller’s business practices 

• Political- lincoln steffens “the sachem of the cities”: political machines 

• Social: Jacob Riis “how the other half lives”: urban poverty 

Progressive Era reformers were often from the middle and upper classes. 

• Many women were involved in various progressive era reforms 

  • Temperance, suffrage, child labor, consumer safety, etc 

• Worked to effect social changes in cities and among immigrant populations. 

  • Jane Addams settlement house movement (Hull House) 

  • Florence Kelly: National Consumer League 

    • Often immigrants needed their children to work. 

Progressive movement was not actually a unified movement. 

Race and progressive movement

• Some progressive reformers were racist 

  • Supported for southern segregation 

• Black activism during the progressive era 

  • NAACP created from Niagara movement 

  • W.E.B Du bois, Ida B. Well actively fought against racism.

• Some progressive reformers sought to expand popular participation in government. 

  • Initiative, referendum, recall, and primary system were all reforms that expanded popular participation in government. 

  • 17th amendment- direct election of senators 

  • Nevertheless, black voting rights continued to be denied and racism flourished. 

• Greater reliance on professional and technical experts to make government more efficient 

  • Hope to reduce graft and corruption of political machines. 

National Movement

PRogressive reformers advocated for federal legislation to: 

• Effectively regulate the economy 

  • Muller v. Oregon(1908) limited work hours for women 

  • Meat inspection Act & Pure Food & Drug Act (1906) 

  • Trust busting: sherman antitrust act, clayton antitrust act(1914) 

  • Regulations of railroads: elkins act(1903) and Hepburn (1906) 

• Expand democracy

  • 17th amendment: direct election of senators 

• Implement moral reform 

  • Prohibition, immigration restrictions, support for eugenics 

• Progressive amendments to the constitution 

  • 16th amendment: income tax 

  • 17th amendment: direct election of senators 

  • 18th amendment: prohibition 

Protect the environment

Preservationists and conservationists both supported the establishment of national parks while advocating different government responses to the overuse of natural resources. 

• Preservation: protect the environment by restricting human development

• Conservation: protect the environment by advocating for managed use of resources. 

Sierra club(1892): advocated for preservation of natural areas. 

• Led by John Muir 

Theodore Roosevelt used the presidency to pursue various conservationist projects. 

• Creation of national parks, national forests, national monuments 

Connections: 

New deal: the response to the the great depression 

Great society: response to racial issues, poverty, and other issues. 

Imperialism 

Important idea: prior to the 1890’s most U.S. territorial expansion largely occurred within the continents of North America. 

Negative effects: 

• Louisiana purchase 

• Indian removal act 

• Monroe doctrine 

• Mexican american war 

• Indian wars 

The 1890s marked a turning point for the U.S. 

Closing the frontier

In 1893, Frederick Jackson Turner published “the significance of the frontier in american history” 

• 1890 census claimed the frontier had ended/closed 

• Wounded knee(1890) marked the end of “indian wars” 

• Frontier had a profound impact on American history and character. 

 There is a dramatic increase in U.S. position in the world, starting with william mckinley. 

Election of 1932

• Herbert hoover runs for reelection as the republican candidate 

  • Reconstruction fiance corporation 

• Frankiln Roosevelt is chosen as the democratic party candidate 

  • Promises a “new deal” 

  • No clear laid out plan 

• 25% unemployment rate and growing frustration with limited response of the federal government bring FDR the victory.  

FDR

• Roosevelt came from a wealthy, privileged family 

• Polio had left him paralyzed from the waist down. 

• Elanor roosevelt will recreate the position of first lady 

  • Advocated for various underserved groups 

• Brain trust were his diverse group of trusted advisors that helped develop his new deal program. 

New Deal: 

New deal was not an organized, preplanned set of programs. 

New laws, programs and agencies created by the federal government- willingness to experiment. 

The 3 R’s 

• Relief- people struggling 

• Recovery- economy 

• Reform- prevent 

Alphabet agencies 

• Fireside chats- used the radio to communicate to the American people. 

First 100 days 

Passed a huge number of laws designed to deal with the great depression. 

Finance and banking 

• Well into 1933 many banks were failing 

  • Calls for a bank holiday 

• Explains his actions in the fireside chat 

Acts

• Emergency banking relief act- only banks that were financially stable could reopen. 

• Glass steagall act- regulated banks 

• Restricted how banks could invest a customers deposits 

• Established the federal deposit insurance (FDIC) which insured bank deposits. 

• Securities and exchange commission(SEC): regulate the stock market. 

Unemployment relief 

• 25% were unemployed in 1933 

• New deal creat jobs to provide relief 

• Federal emergency relief act: gave federal money to state and local for relief servies 

• CCC: employed young men controvasion jobs 

• PWA: Fed money would be sent to states for work projects 

Industrial and Agricultural recovery  

• National recovery act- was headed by Hugh Johnson 

1. Industrial recovery 

2. Fair wages and hours for workers 

• Federal government and biz drafted codes for industries 

  • Set production limits 

  • Codes for wages and hours worked 

• Section 7a: allowed workers to form unions 

• AAA: paid farmers to cut production 

Both Ruled unconstitutional

Dust bowl: 

• Horrible drought in the 1930s added to farmers problems on the great plains 

  • Overuse of land and high winds 

• THousands of “okies” fled to places such as CA looking for work 

• “The grapes of wrath” by John Steinbeck documented this experience. 

Tennesse Valley Authoriy

• Government agency built dams, electric power, and flooding in teh tennessee valley area 

• Big change since TVA was the federal government helping develop a region and selling electricity at low rates 

Second new deal 

• First couple of years of the new deal focused on recovery 

  • Some success 

• Work Progress administration spent billions of dollars employing millions of employees. 

• Resettlement administration provided assistance to sharecroppers, tenant farmers, and small businesses. 

Social security 

• Social security act of 1935 would have the greatest impact on future generations. 

• Social security established the principal of federal responsibility for social welfare. 

• Money taken from payroll of employee and employers 

• People aged 65 and above would receive a pension 

• Others eligible for aid: 

  • Mothers with dependent children 

  • Unemplyment insurance 

  • Disabled 

National Labor Related Act: wagner act 

The Wagner Act(1935) guaranteed the rights of organized labor. 

Protected the right to join a union and to bargain collectively. 

Created the national labor relations board to enforce the labor laws. 

Challenges: 

By 1936 the new deal did improve the economy, but it still remained unstable. 

COnservatives and business owners tended to dislike him. 

• Did not like the government regulation and increase in size of government. 

FDR followed the policies of British economist John Maynard Keynes. 

Wildrow Wilson 

Wilson was deeply involved in the post war negotiations. 

First president to travel overseas for a conference. 

Wilson’s proposal for the postwar world that would address the causes of ww1. 

• Try to prevent another war

• Wanted to be the war to end all wars 

Wilson’s 14 points 

How: 

• Guarantee freedom of the sea 

• Eliminate economic trade barriers 

• Reduction of armaments 

• No more colonies 

  • Self determination

• No more secret treaties 

• Called for formation of a league of nations to help prevent another world war. 

Treaty of Versailles: 

• Germany had to admit guilt for the war 

  • Disarmed 

  • Lost their colonies 

  • Had to pay reparations 

• Some countries received independence and others continued to be held as colonies by the allied powers. 

• Wilson got the league of nations included 

However: 

The president can't modify a treaty. 

Primarily republican senate, and needed two thirds vote to revise the treaty. 

Opposition over the league of nations: 

• Concerned over article X that said assistance must be govern to a member of the league that experiences external aggression 

  • Might limit U.S. sovereignty

• European nations might become involved in the Western Hemisphere 

  • Violated the Monroe Doctrine 

Wilson vs. Congress

• George washington warned about permanent foreign alliances 

• Irreconcilable faction rejected the treaty no matter what. 

• Reservationists wanted some modifications to the treaty. 

• Wilson refused to compromise 

Treaty is REJECTED 

Road to World War ll 

FDR opens up formal recognition of the Soviet Union. 

• Worried about the growing power of germany 

• Possible trade with soviets 

Roosevelt attempts to improve relations with Latin America. 

• Good Neighbor policy: U.S. denounces armed intervention 

Reciprocal trade agreement(1934): Reduction of U.S. tariffs if other countries do the same thing. 

Rise of Totalitarianism: 

• During the 1930s various totalitarian regimes emerged 

  • Italy: Mussolini Fascist’s party comes to power in 1922. 

  • Soviet: Stalin 

  • Germany: Adolph Hitler and Nazi party came to power in 1933. 

  • Japan: Militaristic government comes to power under Hideki Tojo in 1941. 

• These countries began to militarize and expand their borders 

  • Japan conquers Manchuria in 1931 

    • Threatens open door policy

    • Japan withdraws from league of nations and begins to build up their navy 

    • Italy attacks Ethiopia in 1935

Nye Commission-1934 

Many Americans were disillusioned with their participation in WW1. 

American bankers and arms manufacturers caused U.S. entry into WW1. 

Congress Legislates Neutrality: neutrality acts 

• Congress passed neutrality acts(1935,36,37) designed to keep the U.S. neutral in event of conflict. 

• No American citizen could sail on the ships of belligerent nations. 

• Outlawed arms sales 

• No loans to nations at war 

• The U.S. could not help out even if a country was the innocent victim of agression. 

Policy of Appeasement 

• Spanish Civil War: Fascist government of Fransicso Franco overthrew the loyalist government. 

  • Getting aid by germany and italy 

    • Neutrality laws prevent U.S. from helping. 

• Hilter openly violated the Treaty of Versailles 

  • Occupied Rhineland (1936) 

  • Built up German military 

  • Annexed Austria (1938) 

  • Demands the Sudetenland 

• Munich Conference: leaders agree to hand over the Sudetenland to Germany

  • Hilter promises this is the last of demand for more land 

• The Munich conference comes to symbolize the failed policy of appeasement. 

• Japan invades the rest of China in 1937 

  • Threatens open door policy 

  • Japan sinks U.S. gunboat 

World War ll begins: 

Germany and the soviet union signed a nonaggression pact on august 23, 1939. 

• Allows Hilter to attack Poland without a two front war. 

• Hitler and Stalin secretly agreed to divide Poland between them. 

September 1st 1939 Germany invades Poland. 

-France and England declare war- 

                 War Begins 

By june 1940 Hilter had already conquered most of europe. 

U.S. slowly starts to get involved

Faced with the prospect of Hitler taking over all of Europe congress amends the Neutrality legislation. 

Neutrality act of 1939: Countries could buy weapons as long as they paid in cash and carried them in their own ships. (“cash and carry”)

• Are we really neutral??? 

By June of 1940 most of France was defeated. 

Sept. 1940 the 1st peacetime conscription law was adopted. 

Germany begins bombing England (battle of Britain, aug 1940). 

U.S. Involvement increase 

Huge debate in the U.S. regarding what policy to pursue. 

• The Committee to defend America: advocated helping England and the allies. 

• American first COmmittee: opposed U.S. involvement 

• Destroyers for bases: Sept. 1940 the U.S. would give England U.S. destroyers in exchange for military bases in the western hemisphere. 

Election of 1940: Roosevelt breaks 2 term tradition of Washington and wins an unprecedented 3rd term. 

England was led by Winston Churchill 

Lend Lease Act

• FDR worried about threat of axis power victory 

• Lend Lease Bill (march 1941) eliminated the cash carry requirements 

  • The U.S. would send supplies to countries that were the victim of aggression. 

  • By being the great arsenal of democracy would avoid having to fight 

    • Sent back or equal at the end of the war 

• No question the U.S. was not truly neutral 

  • Economic declaration of war 

  • U.S. factories shift to all out war production ( bye great depression) 

• Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941 Hitler invades the Soviet Union. 

Close to war: 

• Allied convoy system: U.S. begins escorting lend lease supplies across the Atlantic Ocean. 

• Atlantic Conference: FDR meets Chruchill secretly off the coast of newfoundland 

  • Atlantic Charter outlined postwar goals 

    • Self determination 

    • Free trade 

    • No territorial gains 

    • New collective security and organization 

Problems with Japan: 

The U.S. was alone in trying to check Japanese expansion in Asia. 

Roosevelt orders an embargo against Japan(steel,iron,etc) 

Japan occupied French Indochina (july 1941). 

Roosevelt ordered all Japanese assets frozen and banned oil sales. 

• Enters into negotiations 

December 7th 1941, Japan attacked pearl harbor. 

• Day to live forever 

World War 2

TYhe attack on Pearl Harbor effectively ends the isolationist movement. 

The U.S. had already begun mobilizing for war

• Selective service act 

• Factories were producing lend lease supplies for allies 

  • Allied powers included England, the Soviet Union, U.S., France, China, etc. 

• The role of the federal government expanded greater than it had during the new deal or ww1. 

• World war 2 brought hube mobilization on the home front 

Great depression ends

Federal mobilization 

• War prodcutions board: allocated resources for the war effort. 

• Office of price administration: frozen prices, wages, and rationed goods such as meat, gas, and sugar. 

• Americans industrial output was hig doctor in the eventual allied victory. 

• Office of research and development contracted scientists and universities to help in tech development (radar, sonar, rockets, etc) 

• Manhattan project(1942): top secret program headed by J. Robert Oppenheimer 

  • 1st atomic bomb test july 1945 

Social Impact

• 2nd Great Migration: over a million African Americans left the south in search of jobs in war industries. 

  • Discrimination was common in defense work. 

  • In 1943 race riots break out in cities such as Detroit and NY 

  • A. Philips Randolph threatened to march on Washington if discrimination in defense work was not addressed. 

  • Executive Order 8802 issued by FDR 

• Served in segregated military units 

• Double victory campaign: victory against fascism abroad and against racism at home. 

• Membership in the NAACP increases 

• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) formed in 1942 and fought against discrimination. 

Demand for workers in the defense industry provided opportunities to thousands of Mexican Americans. 

Brancero Program (1942) allowed mexican farmworkers to work in the U.S. without formal immigration proceedings. 

Racial tensions between white soldiers and Mexican residents in LA led to the “Zoot Suit Riots” in 1943. 

Many NA received opportunities in defense work and in the military 

• Navajo “code talkers” used their native language to communicate in the pacific theater of the war. 

• About half would not return to reservation life. 

Women's role 

Over 200,000 women served in the military in non combat roles. 

As the demand for industrial and defense jobs increased nearly 5 million women entered the workforce. 

Symbol of this opportunity- “Rosie the Riveter” 

Women continued to receive lower pay than men and were expected to leave once the war was over. 

Huge demographic changes occur as many people head to the midwest and west coast looking for defense work. 

• Post war migration in the “sunbelt” (southern states)

Civil liberties

Executive order 9006: required all people of Japanese descent on the west coast be relocated to internment camp

• Nisei- 2nd generation Japanese americans 

• Over 100,000 Japanese people were relocated to 1 of 10 internment camps. 

• Large Japanese population in Hawaii was not evacuated. 

Korematsu v. U.S.(1944): the supreme court upheld the relocation as necessary for national security. 

• National security threats individual civil liberties are taken away 

Thousands of Japanese Americans fought bravely for the U.S. 

Allies focus first on the European theater of the war. 

• Soviets stop German advance at Stalingrad 

• Allies focus first on North African into Italy 

• D-Day(6/6/44) massive second front opened 

The big 3 met to discuss military strategy and plan for the post war world. 

• FDR, Chruchill, and Stalin 

Casablanca Conference (jan. 1943): FDR & Churchill meet 

1. Unconditional surrender 

2. Invade Sicily/italy first 

Tehran Conference (nov. 1943) Big three meet for the 1st time 

1. Opening of the 2nd front planned 

2. Fate of Eastern Europe 

• Stalin wants to control eastern europe but Churchill and FDR want them free → causes conflict 

Yalta Conference (1945): 

1. Germany will be divided 

2. Free elections in Eastern Europe 

3. Soviets will help against Japan 

4. Create UN 

Eventually Hilter and Italy are defeated and the U.S. turns the war against japan. 

Following Pearl Harbor Japan occupied a lot of territory. 

The U.S. pursued an island hopping strategy: strategically win control over territory to get closer to mainland japan. 

• To start aerial bombing japan 

Potsdam Conference (July 1945): Japan warned to surrender unconditionally or be destroyed. 

FDR passes away → Truman is now president 

1st atomic bomb dropped August 6th 1945 on Hiroshima. 

August 8th the Soviet Union entered the war against Japan, as promised. 

2nd atomic bomb on August 9th on Nagasaki. 

Following this Japan surrenders 

• Bombing dropping is controversial 

Following WW2 the U.S. will be the dominant political and military country.