RRP_PTE3310C_S22#W1_theme3

Reservoir Rock Properties Overview

Course Information

• Course Name: Reservoir Rock Properties

• Course Code: PTE 3310C

• Instructor: Hiwa Sidiq

• University: Komar University of Science and Technology

• Year: 2009

Lecture Outlines

1. Syllabus

   • Overview of energy resources

   • Geology of oil

     • Origin of oil, migration, accumulation

     • Techniques to locate oil

   • Rock and mineral types, rock cycle, reservoir properties

     • Composition of the Earth

Course Objectives

• Understand energy sources and the concept of fossil fuels

• Familiarize with essential elements of petroleum reservoirs and geology

• Learn about sedimentary basins

• Explore theories regarding the origin of petroleum

• Grasp the impact of environmental deposition on petroleum generation

• Identify different hydrocarbon trap types

• Examine reservoir rock properties and their characterization

Energy Sources

Global Energy Consumption Forecasts

• Change between 2010-2050: Transition in resource usage including renewables, petroleum, natural gas, coal, and nuclear energy

OECD Primary Energy Consumption

• Comparison between OECD and non-OECD countries regarding energy usage trends over time.

U.S. Renewable Electricity Generation

• Projections for renewable electricity generation from 2010 to 2050 with variations in oil and gas supply and renewable costs.

Definitions

Petroleum Reservoir

• A dynamic hydrocarbon system functioning in a confined geological space over time.

Petroleum Generation

• Involves mature source rocks and the process of hydrocarbon expulsion.

Origin of Oil

• Approximately 70% of the world's oil originated during the Mesozoic era characterized by a tropical climate with reduced oxygen levels.

Vitrinite Reflection

• Vitrinite reflection values, important for assessing the maturity level of source rocks, are used in hydrocarbon studies.

Kerogen Types

Characteristics of Kerogen

• Type I: Oil-prone (Abundant, Lacustrine environments)

• Type II: Oil and gas-prone (Moderate, Marine environments)

• Type III: Gas-prone (Terrestrial environments)

• Type IV: Non-hydrocarbon producing (Inert material)

Hydrocarbon Formation vs. Depth and Temperature

• Petroleum formation is dependent on depth and temperature with specific zones identified for oil and gas formation.

Source Rock Properties

Source Rock Characteristics

• Organic-rich shales from Late Cretaceous to Early Jurassic

• Conditions for the 'oil window': 60-120°C with depths of 2000-4500m.

Origin of Oil - Geological Cross Section

• Understanding the spatial arrangement of source, reservoir, and seal rocks within a petroleum system.

Principles of Geology

Uniformitarianism

• Geological processes occur in a consistent manner over time.

Horizontality

• Rock layers are deposited horizontally.

Superposition

• Older layers are situated below younger ones in sedimentary sequences.

Cross-Cutting Relationships

• Younger geological features cut across older ones.

Types of Unconformities

1. Disconformity: Parallel beds above and below the gap

2. Angular Unconformity: Older beds are inclined relative to younger beds

3. Nonconformity: Younger sedimentary rocks overlie older metamorphic or igneous rocks.

Rock Classification

Types of Rocks

• Igneous: Formed from cooling magma

• Sedimentary: Compaction of sediments

• Metamorphic: Altered by heat, pressure.

Relative Abundance of Rocks

• Earth's Crust Composition:

  • Metamorphic: 27.4%

  • Igneous: 64.7%

  • Sedimentary: 7.9%

Characteristics of Reservoir Rocks

• Key Factors Affecting Fluid Flow:

  • Porosity

  • Permeability

  • Capillary pressure

  • Compressibility

  • Fluid saturation

Porosity Concepts

Definition

• Porosity measures the void space in a material, calculated as a fraction of the void volume to total volume.

Influencing Factors

• Grain size, shape, sorting, and cementation during deposition.

Types of Porosity

1. Primary Porosity: Original pore spaces present at formation

2. Secondary Porosity: Developed through geological processes after deposition.

Summary of Key Concepts

• The notes cover fundamental principles of petroleum geology focusing on reservoir rock properties, geological time, energy sources, and oil formation processes. Understanding these concepts is essential for effective exploration and management of petroleum resources.