Respiration Cycles

Glycolysis

  • Involved in respiration, which breaks down glucose to make ATP (energy).
  • Occurs in two phases:
    • Investment phase: Requires energy input.
    • Payoff phase: Generates energy.
  • Net ATP production: 22 ATP (4 produced - 2 invested = 2).
  • Produces two electrical periods.

Citric Acid Cycle

  • Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate.
  • Outcome is more important than memorizing all substrates for the exam.

Electron Transport Chain

  • In bacteria, the electron transport chain utilizes the actual membrane.
  • In Gram-negative organisms, it's typically found in the inner membrane.
  • Electron carriers deliver electrons to complexes.
  • Electrons delivered to complex I are transferred to complexes III and IV.
  • Electrons from complex II are transferred to complexes III and IV.
  • As electrons pass through the membrane, protons are pumped out.

Electrochemical Gradient

  • An electrochemical gradient is produced across the membrane.
  • Negative charges inside the membrane; positive charges outside the membrane.
  • High levels of protons outside compared to inside.
  • Protons travel back inside the cell through a channel in ATP synthase.
  • This flow causes the rotor part of ATP synthase to rotate; generates energy.