Respiration Cycles

Glycolysis

• Involved in respiration, which breaks down glucose to make ATP (energy).
• Occurs in two phases:
  • Investment phase: Requires energy input.
  • Payoff phase: Generates energy.
• Net ATP production: 2 ATP (4 produced - 2 invested = 2).
• Produces two electrical periods.

Citric Acid Cycle

• Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate.
• Outcome is more important than memorizing all substrates for the exam.

Electron Transport Chain

• In bacteria, the electron transport chain utilizes the actual membrane.
• In Gram-negative organisms, it's typically found in the inner membrane.
• Electron carriers deliver electrons to complexes.
• Electrons delivered to complex I are transferred to complexes III and IV.
• Electrons from complex II are transferred to complexes III and IV.
• As electrons pass through the membrane, protons are pumped out.

Electrochemical Gradient

• An electrochemical gradient is produced across the membrane.
• Negative charges inside the membrane; positive charges outside the membrane.
• High levels of protons outside compared to inside.
• Protons travel back inside the cell through a channel in ATP synthase.
• This flow causes the rotor part of ATP synthase to rotate; generates energy.