SS10 study guide

World War I & Economic Study Guide

Key Events and Concepts

Treaty of Versailles (1919)
  • Terms of the Treaty:

    • Germany accepted full blame for the war (War Guilt Clause, Article 231).

    • Germany had to pay reparations (132 billion gold marks, around $33 billion USD at the time).

    • German military was restricted to 100,000 troops; no tanks, submarines, or air force.

    • Lost territories: Alsace-Lorraine returned to France, land given to Poland, colonies lost.

    • League of Nations established (Germany initially excluded).

  • Countries and Leaders Involved:

    • United Kingdom – David Lloyd George (wanted to punish Germany but not too harshly).

    • France – Georges Clemenceau (wanted to weaken Germany severely).

    • United States – Woodrow Wilson (advocated for the League of Nations and fair peace).

    • Italy – Vittorio Orlando (wanted territorial gains but was largely ignored).

    • Germany – Friedrich Ebert (forced to accept the terms of the treaty).

November 11, 1918: The Day Germany Surrendered
  • Known as Armistice Day, marking the end of fighting on the Western Front.

  • Armistice signed in a railway carriage in Compiègne, France.

  • Fighting ceased at 11:00 AM on November 11, 1918.

  • Led to the Treaty of Versailles negotiations.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
  • Who: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary.

  • When: June 28, 1914.

  • Where: Sarajevo, Bosnia.

  • By Whom: Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Serbian nationalist group Black Hand.

  • Impact: Sparked Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war on Serbia, leading to World War I.

Key Definitions

  • Imperialism: Expansion of a nation’s power through territorial conquest and colonization.

  • Nationalism: Extreme pride and loyalty to one’s country, sometimes leading to conflicts.

  • Arms Race: Competition between nations to build the largest and most powerful military.

  • Militarism: The belief that a country’s military strength is essential to its success.

Major Alliances in WWI

  • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (Italy later switched sides in 1915).

  • Triple Entente: France, Russia, United Kingdom.

  • Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria.

Other Key Terms

  • Carte Blanche/Blank Cheque: Germany’s unconditional support for Austria-Hungary against Serbia.

  • PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder): Psychological disorder affecting many soldiers after traumatic wartime experiences; called "shell shock" in WWI.

  • No Man’s Land: The dangerous, barren area between opposing trenches, filled with barbed wire and land mines.

Russian Revolution and Russia’s Exit from WWI

  • Causes:

    • Poor conditions in Russia due to food shortages and economic struggles.

    • Military failures and high casualties in WWI.

    • Widespread dissatisfaction with Tsar Nicholas II’s rule.

  • Key Events:

    • February/March 1917: Tsar Nicholas II abdicates; Provisional Government formed.

    • October/November 1917: Bolsheviks (led by Vladimir Lenin) take over in the October Revolution.

    • March 1918: Russia signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, withdrawing from WWI and ceding land to Germany.


Economic Terms and Events

1920s: Economic Growth

  • Key Terms:

    • Boom Period: Rapid economic expansion due to increased industrial production.

    • Consumerism: Increased demand for goods due to mass production and advertising.

    • Stock Market Speculation: Many people invested in stocks, expecting continuous growth.

    • Credit & Installment Buying: People bought goods on credit, leading to higher consumer spending.

    • Laissez-Faire Economics: Limited government intervention in business.

    • Assembly Line: Revolutionized production, especially in the automobile industry (e.g., Henry Ford’s Model T).

  • Reasons for Growth:

    • Advancements in technology (radio, automobiles, electricity).

    • Increase in mass production and efficiency.

    • Growth of the stock market and investments.

    • Increased consumer spending and urbanization.

1930s: The Great Depression

  • Six Causes of the Great Depression:

    1. Stock Market Crash (1929): Over-speculation led to a massive financial collapse.

    2. Bank Failures: People lost their savings as banks collapsed.

    3. Overproduction: Factories and farms produced more goods than consumers could buy.

    4. Decline in World Trade: High tariffs (e.g., Smoot-Hawley Tariff) reduced international trade.

    5. Drought & Dust Bowl: Agricultural crisis in North America worsened economic conditions.

    6. Income Inequality: Wealth gap led to reduced consumer purchasing power.

Key Leaders & Policies During the Great Depression

  • Herbert Hoover (USA): Advocated limited government intervention, which was widely criticized.

  • Franklin D. Roosevelt (USA): Introduced The New Deal, a series of programs and policies to provide relief, recovery, and reform (e.g., Social Security, public works projects).

  • Richard Bennett (Canada): Implemented relief efforts but was unpopular for perceived inaction.

  • William Lyon Mackenzie King (Canada): Initially downplayed the crisis but later introduced social welfare reforms.

Key Economic Theories

  • The New Deal (USA):

    • Introduced by Roosevelt in 1933 to combat the Great Depression.

    • Focused on public works, financial reforms, and social security.

    • Included programs like the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and Works Progress Administration (WPA).

  • Keynesian Economics:

    • Developed by John Maynard Keynes.

    • Argued that government spending should increase during economic downturns to boost demand.

    • Advocated deficit spending to stimulate job creation and economic growth.

World War I & Economic Study Guide

Key Events and Concepts

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

  • Terms of the Treaty:

    • Germany accepted full blame for the war (War Guilt Clause, Article 231).

    • Germany had to pay reparations (132 billion gold marks, around $33 billion USD at the time).

    • German military was restricted to 100,000 troops; no tanks, submarines, or air force.

    • Lost territories: Alsace-Lorraine returned to France, land given to Poland, colonies lost.

    • League of Nations established (Germany initially excluded).

  • Countries and Leaders Involved:

    • United Kingdom – David Lloyd George (wanted to punish Germany but not too harshly).

    • France – Georges Clemenceau (wanted to weaken Germany severely).

    • United States – Woodrow Wilson (advocated for the League of Nations and fair peace).

    • Italy – Vittorio Orlando (wanted territorial gains but was largely ignored).

    • Germany – Friedrich Ebert (forced to accept the terms of the treaty).

November 11, 1918: The Day Germany Surrendered

  • Known as Armistice Day, marking the end of fighting on the Western Front.

  • Armistice signed in a railway carriage in Compiègne, France.

  • Fighting ceased at 11:00 AM on November 11, 1918.

  • Led to the Treaty of Versailles negotiations.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

  • Who: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary.

  • When: June 28, 1914.

  • Where: Sarajevo, Bosnia.

  • By Whom: Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Serbian nationalist group Black Hand.

  • Impact: Sparked Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war on Serbia, leading to World War I.

Key Definitions

  • Imperialism: Expansion of a nation’s power through territorial conquest and colonization.

  • Nationalism: Extreme pride and loyalty to one’s country, sometimes leading to conflicts.

  • Arms Race: Competition between nations to build the largest and most powerful military.

  • Militarism: The belief that a country’s military strength is essential to its success.

  • Bootlegger: A person who illegally traffics in liquor, particularly during Prohibition in the United States.

  • Flapper: A fashionable young woman in the 1920s known for embracing a lifestyle seen as outrageous, including shorter skirts and bobbed hair.

Major Alliances in WWI

  • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (Italy later switched sides in 1915).

  • Triple Entente: France, Russia, United Kingdom.

  • Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria.

Other Key Terms

  • Carte Blanche/Blank Cheque: Germany’s unconditional support for Austria-Hungary against Serbia.

  • PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder): Psychological disorder affecting many soldiers after traumatic wartime experiences; called "shell shock" in WWI.

  • No Man’s Land: The dangerous, barren area between opposing trenches, filled with barbed wire and land mines.

Russian Revolution and Russia’s Exit from WWI

  • Causes:

    • Poor conditions in Russia due to food shortages and economic struggles.

    • Military failures and high casualties in WWI.

    • Widespread dissatisfaction with Tsar Nicholas II’s rule.

  • Key Events:

    • February/March 1917: Tsar Nicholas II abdicates; Provisional Government formed.

    • October/November 1917: Bolsheviks (led by Vladimir Lenin) take over in the October Revolution.

    • March 1918: Russia signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, withdrawing from WWI and ceding land to Germany.

Economic Terms and Events

1920s: Economic Growth

  • Key Terms:

    • Boom Period: Rapid economic expansion due to increased industrial production.

    • Consumerism: Increased demand for goods due to mass production and advertising.

    • Stock Market Speculation: Many people invested in stocks, expecting continuous growth.

    • Credit & Installment Buying: People bought goods on credit, leading to higher consumer spending.

    • Laissez-Faire Economics: Limited government intervention in business.

    • Assembly Line: Revolutionized production, especially in the automobile industry (e.g., Henry Ford’s Model T).

  • Reasons for Growth:

    • Advancements in technology (radio, automobiles, electricity).

    • Increase in mass production and efficiency.

    • Growth of the stock market and investments.

    • Increased consumer spending and urbanization.

1930s: The Great Depression

  • Six Causes of the Great Depression:

    • Stock Market Crash (1929): Over-speculation led to a massive financial collapse.

    • Bank Failures: People lost their savings as banks collapsed.

    • Overproduction: Factories and farms produced more goods than consumers could buy.

    • Decline in World Trade: High tariffs (e.g., Smoot-Hawley Tariff) reduced international trade.

    • Drought & Dust Bowl: Agricultural crisis in North America worsened economic conditions.

    • Income Inequality: Wealth gap led to reduced consumer purchasing power.

Key Leaders & Policies During the Great Depression

  • Herbert Hoover (USA): Advocated limited government intervention, which was widely criticized.

  • Franklin D. Roosevelt (USA): Introduced The New Deal, a series of programs and policies to provide relief, recovery, and reform (e.g., Social Security, public works projects).

  • Richard Bennett (Canada): Implemented relief efforts but was unpopular for perceived inaction.

  • William Lyon Mackenzie King (Canada): Initially downplayed the crisis but later introduced social welfare reforms.

Key Economic Theories

  • The New Deal (USA):

    • Introduced by Roosevelt in 1933 to combat the Great Depression.

    • Focused on public works, financial reforms, and social security.

    • Included programs like the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and Works Progress Administration (WPA).

  • Keynesian Economics:

    • Developed by John Maynard Keynes.

    • Argued that government spending should increase during economic downturns to boost demand.

    • Advocated deficit spending to stimulate job creation and economic growth.

World War I & Economic Study Guide

Key Events and Concepts

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

  • Terms of the Treaty:

    • Germany accepted full blame for the war (War Guilt Clause, Article 231).

    • Germany had to pay reparations (132 billion gold marks, around $33 billion USD at the time).

    • German military was restricted to 100,000 troops; no tanks, submarines, or air force.

    • Lost territories: Alsace-Lorraine returned to France, land given to Poland, colonies lost.

    • League of Nations established (Germany initially excluded).

  • Countries and Leaders Involved:

    • United Kingdom – David Lloyd George (wanted to punish Germany but not too harshly).

    • France – Georges Clemenceau (wanted to weaken Germany severely).

    • United States – Woodrow Wilson (advocated for the League of Nations and fair peace).

    • Italy – Vittorio Orlando (wanted territorial gains but was largely ignored).

    • Germany – Friedrich Ebert (forced to accept the terms of the treaty).

November 11, 1918: The Day Germany Surrendered

  • Known as Armistice Day, marking the end of fighting on the Western Front.

  • Armistice signed in a railway carriage in Compiègne, France.

  • Fighting ceased at 11:00 AM on November 11, 1918.

  • Led to the Treaty of Versailles negotiations.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

  • Who: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary.

  • When: June 28, 1914.

  • Where: Sarajevo, Bosnia.

  • By Whom: Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Serbian nationalist group Black Hand.

  • Impact: Sparked Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war on Serbia, leading to World War I.

Key Definitions

  • Imperialism: Expansion of a nation’s power through territorial conquest and colonization.

  • Nationalism: Extreme pride and loyalty to one’s country, sometimes leading to conflicts.

  • Arms Race: Competition between nations to build the largest and most powerful military.

  • Militarism: The belief that a country’s military strength is essential to its success.

  • Bootlegger: A person who illegally traffics in liquor, particularly during Prohibition in the United States.

  • Flapper: A fashionable young woman in the 1920s known for embracing a lifestyle seen as outrageous, including shorter skirts and bobbed hair.

Major Alliances in WWI

  • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (Italy later switched sides in 1915).

  • Triple Entente: France, Russia, United Kingdom.

  • Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria.

Other Key Terms

  • Carte Blanche/Blank Cheque: Germany’s unconditional support for Austria-Hungary against Serbia.

  • PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder): Psychological disorder affecting many soldiers after traumatic wartime experiences; called "shell shock" in WWI.

  • No Man’s Land: The dangerous, barren area between opposing trenches, filled with barbed wire and land mines.

Russian Revolution and Russia’s Exit from WWI

  • Causes:

    • Poor conditions in Russia due to food shortages and economic struggles.

    • Military failures and high casualties in WWI.

    • Widespread dissatisfaction with Tsar Nicholas II’s rule.

  • Key Events:

    • February/March 1917: Tsar Nicholas II abdicates; Provisional Government formed.

    • October/November 1917: Bolsheviks (led by Vladimir Lenin) take over in the October Revolution.

    • March 1918: Russia signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, withdrawing from WWI and ceding land to Germany.

Economic Terms and Events

1920s: Economic Growth

  • Key Terms:

    • Boom Period: Rapid economic expansion due to increased industrial production.

    • Consumerism: Increased demand for goods due to mass production and advertising.

    • Stock Market Speculation: Many people invested in stocks, expecting continuous growth.

    • Credit & Installment Buying: People bought goods on credit, leading to higher consumer spending.

    • Laissez-Faire Economics: Limited government intervention in business.

    • Assembly Line: Revolutionized production, especially in the automobile industry (e.g., Henry Ford’s Model T).

  • Reasons for Growth:

    • Advancements in technology (radio, automobiles, electricity).

    • Increase in mass production and efficiency.

    • Growth of the stock market and investments.

    • Increased consumer spending and urbanization.

1930s: The Great Depression

  • Six Causes of the Great Depression:

    • Stock Market Crash (1929): Over-speculation led to a massive financial collapse.

    • Bank Failures: People lost their savings as banks collapsed.

    • Overproduction: Factories and farms produced more goods than consumers could buy.

    • Decline in World Trade: High tariffs (e.g., Smoot-Hawley Tariff) reduced international trade.

    • Drought & Dust Bowl: Agricultural crisis in North America worsened economic conditions.

    • Income Inequality: Wealth gap led to reduced consumer purchasing power.

Key Leaders & Policies During the Great Depression

  • Herbert Hoover (USA): Advocated limited government intervention, which was widely criticized.

  • Franklin D. Roosevelt (USA): Introduced The New Deal, a series of programs and policies to provide relief, recovery, and reform (e.g., Social Security, public works projects).

  • Richard Bennett (Canada): Implemented relief efforts but was unpopular for perceived inaction.

  • William Lyon Mackenzie King (Canada): Initially downplayed the crisis but later introduced social welfare reforms.

Key Economic Theories

  • The New Deal (USA):

    • Introduced by Roosevelt in 1933 to combat the Great Depression.

    • Focused on public works, financial reforms, and social security.

    • Included programs like the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and Works Progress Administration (WPA).

  • Keynesian Economics:

    • Developed by John Maynard Keynes.

    • Argued that government spending should increase during economic downturns to boost demand.

    • Advocated deficit spending to stimulate job creation and economic growth.

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