SS10 study guide

World War I & Economic Study Guide

Key Events and Concepts

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

• Terms of the Treaty:

  • Germany accepted full blame for the war (War Guilt Clause, Article 231).

  • Germany had to pay reparations (132 billion gold marks, around $33 billion USD at the time).

  • German military was restricted to 100,000 troops; no tanks, submarines, or air force.

  • Lost territories: Alsace-Lorraine returned to France, land given to Poland, colonies lost.

  • League of Nations established (Germany initially excluded).

• Countries and Leaders Involved:

  • United Kingdom – David Lloyd George (wanted to punish Germany but not too harshly).

  • France – Georges Clemenceau (wanted to weaken Germany severely).

  • United States – Woodrow Wilson (advocated for the League of Nations and fair peace).

  • Italy – Vittorio Orlando (wanted territorial gains but was largely ignored).

  • Germany – Friedrich Ebert (forced to accept the terms of the treaty).

November 11, 1918: The Day Germany Surrendered

• Known as Armistice Day, marking the end of fighting on the Western Front.

• Armistice signed in a railway carriage in Compiègne, France.

• Fighting ceased at 11:00 AM on November 11, 1918.

• Led to the Treaty of Versailles negotiations.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• Who: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary.

• When: June 28, 1914.

• Where: Sarajevo, Bosnia.

• By Whom: Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Serbian nationalist group Black Hand.

• Impact: Sparked Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war on Serbia, leading to World War I.

Key Definitions

• Imperialism: Expansion of a nation’s power through territorial conquest and colonization.

• Nationalism: Extreme pride and loyalty to one’s country, sometimes leading to conflicts.

• Arms Race: Competition between nations to build the largest and most powerful military.

• Militarism: The belief that a country’s military strength is essential to its success.

Major Alliances in WWI

• Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (Italy later switched sides in 1915).

• Triple Entente: France, Russia, United Kingdom.

• Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria.

Other Key Terms

• Carte Blanche/Blank Cheque: Germany’s unconditional support for Austria-Hungary against Serbia.

• PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder): Psychological disorder affecting many soldiers after traumatic wartime experiences; called "shell shock" in WWI.

• No Man’s Land: The dangerous, barren area between opposing trenches, filled with barbed wire and land mines.

Russian Revolution and Russia’s Exit from WWI

• Causes:

  • Poor conditions in Russia due to food shortages and economic struggles.

  • Military failures and high casualties in WWI.

  • Widespread dissatisfaction with Tsar Nicholas II’s rule.

• Key Events:

  • February/March 1917: Tsar Nicholas II abdicates; Provisional Government formed.

  • October/November 1917: Bolsheviks (led by Vladimir Lenin) take over in the October Revolution.

  • March 1918: Russia signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, withdrawing from WWI and ceding land to Germany.

Economic Terms and Events

1920s: Economic Growth

• Key Terms:

  • Boom Period: Rapid economic expansion due to increased industrial production.

  • Consumerism: Increased demand for goods due to mass production and advertising.

  • Stock Market Speculation: Many people invested in stocks, expecting continuous growth.

  • Credit & Installment Buying: People bought goods on credit, leading to higher consumer spending.

  • Laissez-Faire Economics: Limited government intervention in business.

  • Assembly Line: Revolutionized production, especially in the automobile industry (e.g., Henry Ford’s Model T).

• Reasons for Growth:

  • Advancements in technology (radio, automobiles, electricity).

  • Increase in mass production and efficiency.

  • Growth of the stock market and investments.

  • Increased consumer spending and urbanization.

1930s: The Great Depression

• Six Causes of the Great Depression:

  1. Stock Market Crash (1929): Over-speculation led to a massive financial collapse.

  2. Bank Failures: People lost their savings as banks collapsed.

  3. Overproduction: Factories and farms produced more goods than consumers could buy.

  4. Decline in World Trade: High tariffs (e.g., Smoot-Hawley Tariff) reduced international trade.

  5. Drought & Dust Bowl: Agricultural crisis in North America worsened economic conditions.

  6. Income Inequality: Wealth gap led to reduced consumer purchasing power.

Key Leaders & Policies During the Great Depression

• Herbert Hoover (USA): Advocated limited government intervention, which was widely criticized.

• Franklin D. Roosevelt (USA): Introduced The New Deal, a series of programs and policies to provide relief, recovery, and reform (e.g., Social Security, public works projects).

• Richard Bennett (Canada): Implemented relief efforts but was unpopular for perceived inaction.

• William Lyon Mackenzie King (Canada): Initially downplayed the crisis but later introduced social welfare reforms.

Key Economic Theories

• The New Deal (USA):

  • Introduced by Roosevelt in 1933 to combat the Great Depression.

  • Focused on public works, financial reforms, and social security.

  • Included programs like the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and Works Progress Administration (WPA).

• Keynesian Economics:

  • Developed by John Maynard Keynes.

  • Argued that government spending should increase during economic downturns to boost demand.

  • Advocated deficit spending to stimulate job creation and economic growth.

World War I & Economic Study Guide

Key Events and Concepts

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

• Terms of the Treaty:

  • Germany accepted full blame for the war (War Guilt Clause, Article 231).

  • Germany had to pay reparations (132 billion gold marks, around $33 billion USD at the time).

  • German military was restricted to 100,000 troops; no tanks, submarines, or air force.

  • Lost territories: Alsace-Lorraine returned to France, land given to Poland, colonies lost.

  • League of Nations established (Germany initially excluded).

• Countries and Leaders Involved:

  • United Kingdom – David Lloyd George (wanted to punish Germany but not too harshly).

  • France – Georges Clemenceau (wanted to weaken Germany severely).

  • United States – Woodrow Wilson (advocated for the League of Nations and fair peace).

  • Italy – Vittorio Orlando (wanted territorial gains but was largely ignored).

  • Germany – Friedrich Ebert (forced to accept the terms of the treaty).

November 11, 1918: The Day Germany Surrendered

• Known as Armistice Day, marking the end of fighting on the Western Front.

• Armistice signed in a railway carriage in Compiègne, France.

• Fighting ceased at 11:00 AM on November 11, 1918.

• Led to the Treaty of Versailles negotiations.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• Who: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary.

• When: June 28, 1914.

• Where: Sarajevo, Bosnia.

• By Whom: Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Serbian nationalist group Black Hand.

• Impact: Sparked Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war on Serbia, leading to World War I.

Key Definitions

• Imperialism: Expansion of a nation’s power through territorial conquest and colonization.

• Nationalism: Extreme pride and loyalty to one’s country, sometimes leading to conflicts.

• Arms Race: Competition between nations to build the largest and most powerful military.

• Militarism: The belief that a country’s military strength is essential to its success.

• Bootlegger: A person who illegally traffics in liquor, particularly during Prohibition in the United States.

• Flapper: A fashionable young woman in the 1920s known for embracing a lifestyle seen as outrageous, including shorter skirts and bobbed hair.

Major Alliances in WWI

• Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (Italy later switched sides in 1915).

• Triple Entente: France, Russia, United Kingdom.

• Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria.

Other Key Terms

• Carte Blanche/Blank Cheque: Germany’s unconditional support for Austria-Hungary against Serbia.

• PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder): Psychological disorder affecting many soldiers after traumatic wartime experiences; called "shell shock" in WWI.

• No Man’s Land: The dangerous, barren area between opposing trenches, filled with barbed wire and land mines.

Russian Revolution and Russia’s Exit from WWI

• Causes:

  • Poor conditions in Russia due to food shortages and economic struggles.

  • Military failures and high casualties in WWI.

  • Widespread dissatisfaction with Tsar Nicholas II’s rule.

• Key Events:

  • February/March 1917: Tsar Nicholas II abdicates; Provisional Government formed.

  • October/November 1917: Bolsheviks (led by Vladimir Lenin) take over in the October Revolution.

  • March 1918: Russia signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, withdrawing from WWI and ceding land to Germany.

Economic Terms and Events

1920s: Economic Growth

• Key Terms:

  • Boom Period: Rapid economic expansion due to increased industrial production.

  • Consumerism: Increased demand for goods due to mass production and advertising.

  • Stock Market Speculation: Many people invested in stocks, expecting continuous growth.

  • Credit & Installment Buying: People bought goods on credit, leading to higher consumer spending.

  • Laissez-Faire Economics: Limited government intervention in business.

  • Assembly Line: Revolutionized production, especially in the automobile industry (e.g., Henry Ford’s Model T).

• Reasons for Growth:

  • Advancements in technology (radio, automobiles, electricity).

  • Increase in mass production and efficiency.

  • Growth of the stock market and investments.

  • Increased consumer spending and urbanization.

1930s: The Great Depression

• Six Causes of the Great Depression:

  • Stock Market Crash (1929): Over-speculation led to a massive financial collapse.

  • Bank Failures: People lost their savings as banks collapsed.

  • Overproduction: Factories and farms produced more goods than consumers could buy.

  • Decline in World Trade: High tariffs (e.g., Smoot-Hawley Tariff) reduced international trade.

  • Drought & Dust Bowl: Agricultural crisis in North America worsened economic conditions.

  • Income Inequality: Wealth gap led to reduced consumer purchasing power.

Key Leaders & Policies During the Great Depression

• Herbert Hoover (USA): Advocated limited government intervention, which was widely criticized.

• Franklin D. Roosevelt (USA): Introduced The New Deal, a series of programs and policies to provide relief, recovery, and reform (e.g., Social Security, public works projects).

• Richard Bennett (Canada): Implemented relief efforts but was unpopular for perceived inaction.

• William Lyon Mackenzie King (Canada): Initially downplayed the crisis but later introduced social welfare reforms.

Key Economic Theories

• The New Deal (USA):

  • Introduced by Roosevelt in 1933 to combat the Great Depression.

  • Focused on public works, financial reforms, and social security.

  • Included programs like the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and Works Progress Administration (WPA).

• Keynesian Economics:

  • Developed by John Maynard Keynes.

  • Argued that government spending should increase during economic downturns to boost demand.

  • Advocated deficit spending to stimulate job creation and economic growth.

World War I & Economic Study Guide

Key Events and Concepts

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

• Terms of the Treaty:

  • Germany accepted full blame for the war (War Guilt Clause, Article 231).

  • Germany had to pay reparations (132 billion gold marks, around $33 billion USD at the time).

  • German military was restricted to 100,000 troops; no tanks, submarines, or air force.

  • Lost territories: Alsace-Lorraine returned to France, land given to Poland, colonies lost.

  • League of Nations established (Germany initially excluded).

• Countries and Leaders Involved:

  • United Kingdom – David Lloyd George (wanted to punish Germany but not too harshly).

  • France – Georges Clemenceau (wanted to weaken Germany severely).

  • United States – Woodrow Wilson (advocated for the League of Nations and fair peace).

  • Italy – Vittorio Orlando (wanted territorial gains but was largely ignored).

  • Germany – Friedrich Ebert (forced to accept the terms of the treaty).

November 11, 1918: The Day Germany Surrendered

• Known as Armistice Day, marking the end of fighting on the Western Front.

• Armistice signed in a railway carriage in Compiègne, France.

• Fighting ceased at 11:00 AM on November 11, 1918.

• Led to the Treaty of Versailles negotiations.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• Who: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary.

• When: June 28, 1914.

• Where: Sarajevo, Bosnia.

• By Whom: Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Serbian nationalist group Black Hand.

• Impact: Sparked Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war on Serbia, leading to World War I.

Key Definitions

• Imperialism: Expansion of a nation’s power through territorial conquest and colonization.

• Nationalism: Extreme pride and loyalty to one’s country, sometimes leading to conflicts.

• Arms Race: Competition between nations to build the largest and most powerful military.

• Militarism: The belief that a country’s military strength is essential to its success.

• Bootlegger: A person who illegally traffics in liquor, particularly during Prohibition in the United States.

• Flapper: A fashionable young woman in the 1920s known for embracing a lifestyle seen as outrageous, including shorter skirts and bobbed hair.

Major Alliances in WWI

• Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (Italy later switched sides in 1915).

• Triple Entente: France, Russia, United Kingdom.

• Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria.

Other Key Terms

• Carte Blanche/Blank Cheque: Germany’s unconditional support for Austria-Hungary against Serbia.

• PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder): Psychological disorder affecting many soldiers after traumatic wartime experiences; called "shell shock" in WWI.

• No Man’s Land: The dangerous, barren area between opposing trenches, filled with barbed wire and land mines.

Russian Revolution and Russia’s Exit from WWI

• Causes:

  • Poor conditions in Russia due to food shortages and economic struggles.

  • Military failures and high casualties in WWI.

  • Widespread dissatisfaction with Tsar Nicholas II’s rule.

• Key Events:

  • February/March 1917: Tsar Nicholas II abdicates; Provisional Government formed.

  • October/November 1917: Bolsheviks (led by Vladimir Lenin) take over in the October Revolution.

  • March 1918: Russia signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, withdrawing from WWI and ceding land to Germany.

Economic Terms and Events

1920s: Economic Growth

• Key Terms:

  • Boom Period: Rapid economic expansion due to increased industrial production.

  • Consumerism: Increased demand for goods due to mass production and advertising.

  • Stock Market Speculation: Many people invested in stocks, expecting continuous growth.

  • Credit & Installment Buying: People bought goods on credit, leading to higher consumer spending.

  • Laissez-Faire Economics: Limited government intervention in business.

  • Assembly Line: Revolutionized production, especially in the automobile industry (e.g., Henry Ford’s Model T).

• Reasons for Growth:

  • Advancements in technology (radio, automobiles, electricity).

  • Increase in mass production and efficiency.

  • Growth of the stock market and investments.

  • Increased consumer spending and urbanization.

1930s: The Great Depression

• Six Causes of the Great Depression:

  • Stock Market Crash (1929): Over-speculation led to a massive financial collapse.

  • Bank Failures: People lost their savings as banks collapsed.

  • Overproduction: Factories and farms produced more goods than consumers could buy.

  • Decline in World Trade: High tariffs (e.g., Smoot-Hawley Tariff) reduced international trade.

  • Drought & Dust Bowl: Agricultural crisis in North America worsened economic conditions.

  • Income Inequality: Wealth gap led to reduced consumer purchasing power.

Key Leaders & Policies During the Great Depression

• Herbert Hoover (USA): Advocated limited government intervention, which was widely criticized.

• Franklin D. Roosevelt (USA): Introduced The New Deal, a series of programs and policies to provide relief, recovery, and reform (e.g., Social Security, public works projects).

• Richard Bennett (Canada): Implemented relief efforts but was unpopular for perceived inaction.

• William Lyon Mackenzie King (Canada): Initially downplayed the crisis but later introduced social welfare reforms.

Key Economic Theories

• The New Deal (USA):

  • Introduced by Roosevelt in 1933 to combat the Great Depression.

  • Focused on public works, financial reforms, and social security.

  • Included programs like the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and Works Progress Administration (WPA).

• Keynesian Economics:

  • Developed by John Maynard Keynes.

  • Argued that government spending should increase during economic downturns to boost demand.

  • Advocated deficit spending to stimulate job creation and economic growth.