Biol_1107_-_Review_Sheet_for_Lab_Practical_I

1. Review the safety handout covering:

   • General policies

   • Procedures for dissections

   • Guidelines for working with microbes

2. Microevolution Key Terms:

   • Genetic Drift: Bottleneck Effect: Population reduction due to environmental events.

   • Founder Effect: New population starts with a small number of individuals.

   • Gene Flow: Transfer of genes between populations.

   • Mutations: Changes in DNA sequences that can lead to new traits.

   • Non-Random Mating: Preferences in mate choice can affect allele frequencies.

   • Natural Selection: Survival of individuals with advantageous traits.

3. Practical Application:

   • Be able to identify agents of evolution from given scenarios.

   • Know how to interpret data related to microevolution.

4. Hardy-Weinberg Equations

   • Important Equations:

     • p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

     • p + q = 1

   • Understand the meaning of components:

     • p: frequency of homozygous dominant individuals

     • q: frequency of homozygous recessive individuals

     • 2pq: frequency of heterozygous individuals

   • Problem Solving: Be able to solve problems using both equations.

5. Microscope Identification

   • Key Parts and Functions:

     • Base

     • Arm

     • Ocular

     • Body Tube

     • Nosepiece

     • Objectives

     • Stage

     • Disc

     • Diaphragm

     • Condenser

     • Coarse Adjustment Knob

     • Fine Adjustment Knob

   • Calculate Total Magnification: Understand how to calculate total magnification in low and high power.

6. Prokaryotes

   • Recognizing Bacterial Colonies: Identify bacterial colonies on nutrient agar plates (Petri dishes).

   • Bacterial Shapes and Arrangements:

     • Cocci: Spherical bacteria

     • Bacilli: Rod-shaped bacteria

     • Spirilla: Spiral-shaped bacteria

   • Bacterial Structures:

     • Capsule: Protective outer layer

     • Endospores: Dormant, tough structures for survival

     • Flagella (Peritrichous): Hair-like structures for movement around bacteria

   • Cyanobacteria Identification: Identify Oscillatoria, Anabaena, Gleoclapsa by sight, phylum, and genus.

   • Characteristics: Capable of photosynthesis, lack nuclei, prokaryotic organisms.

   • Gram Stain Results: Identify and understand the location of the cell wall for each type of gram stain.

7. Protists

   • Animal-Like Protists: Locomotion Means:

     • Paramecium - Cilia

     • Stentor - Cilia

     • Plasmodium vivax - Flagella

     • Trichomonas vaginalis - Flagella

     • Trypanosoma - Flagella

     • Euglena - Flagella

     • Amoeba - Pseudopods

     • Foraminifera - Pseudopods

     • Radiolaria - Pseudopods

   • Plant-Like Protists (Algae): Understand domain, classification as algae, reason for the name, and their respective phylum. Identify colors for each phylum and the genera by sight.

   • Specific Algae Types

     • Spirogyra (Sexual Conjugation) - identifies the reproduction method.

     • Spirogyra (Asexual Vegetative) - identifies a form of asexual reproduction.

     • Volvox

     • Odeogonium

     • Fucus

     • Sargassum

     • Polysiphonia

     • Diatoms: Phylum Chrysophyta

     • Dinoflagellates: Phylum Pyrrophyta

   • Recognize each type by sight if given a picture.

Protist Locomotion Methods

1. Cilia: Small hair-like structures that cover the surface of some protists and move in coordinated waves to propel the organism.

   • Example: Paramecium

2. Flagella: Long, whip-like structures that enable movement by rotating or waving back and forth.

   • Example: Euglena

3. Pseudopodia: Temporary extensions of cytoplasm used for movement and feeding; they are also referred to as "false feet."

   • Example: Amoeba

4. Gliding: Some protists move by secreting slime, allowing them to glide over surfaces.

   • Example: Slime Molds

5. Sporozoite Movement: In some parasitic protists, movement is achieved through complex life cycles, often spread by vectors rather than self-propulsion.

   • Example: Plasmodium vivax (causes malaria)