Untitled Flashcards Set

  Forensic Science     Study Guide Chp -9 Forensic DNA

1. Name the nitrogen bases of DNA. Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine

2. How many restriction enzymes are commercially available? 150

3. New technology incorporating PCR has supplanted RFLP. 

4. Short tandem repeats normally consist of repeating sequences of approximately how many bases? 3-7 bases

5. The Y-STR's utility in the forensic sciences is that:
   it originates only from male y chromosome of DNA. 

6. The forensic science community has standardized 13 STRs for entry into a national database known as the Combined DNA Index System.

7. Forensic analysts using currently accepted protocols can reach sensitivity levels as low as 125 pictograms.

8. DNA is copied during a process called replication

9. DNA Replication results in two DNA molecules, each with one new strand and one original strand.

10. During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases CTAGGT produces a strand with the bases GATCCA

11. Genes contain instructions for assembling proteins

12. One function of gel electrophoresis is to separate DNA fragments

13. A DNA molecule produced by combining DNA from different sources is known as recombinant DNA

14. Analyzing DNA by electrophoresis allows researchers to identify similarities and differences in the genomes of different kinds of organisms.

15. On an electrophoresis gel, band B is closer to the positive end of the gel than is band A. What do you conclude? Band B is shorter

16. If two DNA samples showed an identical pattern and thickness of bands produced by gel electrophoresis, the samples contained same DNA molecule, same amount of DNA, fragments of same size.(write 3 things)

17.  The process of DNA fingerprinting is based on the fact that No one has the same DNA pattern unless they are twins.

18.  The Human Genome Project is an attempt to deciphering genetic code

19.  The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the order of amino acids in proteins.

20. In DNA fingerprinting, the DNA probe that is used is complementary to the DNA sequence of the repeat.

True/False ( if false correct them) 

1. True/False As the fundamental unit of heredity, genes instruct the body cells to make proteins that determine everything from hair color to susceptibility of disease. True

2. True/False The only arrangement possible in the double-helix configuration was the pairing of bases A to G and T to C, a concept that is known as complementary base pairing. False - Because A goes with T and C goes with G

3. True/False The “Human Genome Project,” a project to determine the order of bases on all 23 pairs of human chromosomes, is expected to be completed by 2010 False - this is because it was completed in 2004.

4. True/False DNA replication was first accomplished using a technique known as polymerase chain reaction. True 

5. True/False Molecular biologists can cut DNA into fragments using restriction enzymes, which can later be incorporated into another strand of DNA. True

6. True/False DNA technology is useful in identification because no two humans, except for identical twins, have the same type of tandem repeats in a strand of DNA. False, DNA Fingerprints

7. True/False RFLP is a technique designed to copy or multiply DNA strands. False, PCR

8. The latest, most successful and widely used DNA profiling procedure is True/False the short tandem repeat. True

9. True/False Mitochondrial DNA is found outside the nucleus of the cell and is inherited solely from the mother. True

10. True/False Four regions of mitochondrial DNA have been found to be highly variable in the human population. False, 2

11. True/False The replication of a DNA molecule results in four copies of the same gene. False, 2

12. True/False Genes determine a person’s eye color by coding for nitrogenous bases that affect eye color. False proteins

Answer the following:-q

1. What is PCR? Why is it useful to forensic scientists? Polymerase chain reaction. It allows them to create copies of specific DNA sequences. 

2. Describe the structure of DNA molecules. Name the components and the nitrogen bases. It looks like a twisted ladder. Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.

3. List 4 ways to minimize contamination of biological evidence. Wearing gloves, right packaging, minimize chain of contact, and collect control samples.

4. What is mDNA? State the advantages and disadvantages of using mDNA in forensic science. Write the differences between mDNA  & nuclear  DNA

It is DNA found in the mitochondria. It has a high copy number of cells/ it can help identify victims. Lacks individual specificity and the interpretation can be complex.

5. What is CODIS? How is CODIS useful to forensic scientists? Combined DNA Index System. It stores DNA data of convicts.

6. What is recombinant DNA? How is this technology useful? It combines DNA to create new genetic combinations. It can create medicine.

7.  List the 4 steps in RFLP Analysis. DNA extraction, DNA fragmentation, Gel electrophoresis, and Visualization of Bands.

Study the Vocabulary words from the Quizlet