ANSC: Chapter 1: Vocabulary Flashcards

Timeline of Domestication

• Dogs domesticated: approximately 12{,}000 years ago.
• Cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs domesticated: approximately 9000{-}7000 B.C.
• Horses and donkeys domesticated for draft power: approximately 3000 B.C.
• Poultry domesticated: approximately 2000 B.C.
• Turkeys domesticated: approximately 1400\ ext{B.C.}

Major Domesticated Animal Species — Numbers and Uses (Table 1.1)

• Table 1.1 presents major domesticated animal species along with their numbers and uses worldwide.
• Source: Adapted from USDA and FAO.

Meat, Milk, and Eggs: Nutrient-Dense Foods and Alignment with Consumer Demand (Figure 1.2)

• Meat, milk, and eggs are nutrient-dense foods.
• The livestock industry and the food supply chain must align with consumer demand to ensure a sustainable and successful business model.

Caloric, Protein, and Fat Intake from Animal Products (Figure 1.3)

• Figure 1.3 depicts the contribution of animal products to daily intake of calories, protein, and fat.
• Source: Adapted from USDA and FAO.

Per Capita Supply: World vs. Least Developed Economies (Figure 1.4, parts 1/2 and 2/2)

• Figure 1.4a: Comparison of average per capita supply of total calories for the world and least developed economies.
• Figure 1.4b: Comparison of average per capita supply of protein for the world and least developed economies.
• Note: The figure is shown in two parts (1 of 2 and 2 of 2).

Employment in Production Agriculture (Figure 1.5)

• Figure 1.5 shows the percentage of the population employed in production agriculture across various countries.
• Countries included (examples in the figure): United States, Japan, India, United Kingdom, Brazil, Germany, Bangladesh, Mexico, Uganda, China, Rwanda, Australia, Russia.
• Interpretation: There is substantial cross-country variation in reliance on agriculture as a workforce activity.

Productivity Changes in US Farm Animal Species (Table 1.2)

• Table 1.2 reports productivity changes in several US farm animal species.
• Footnotes:
  • (a) Feed required per \text{lb of weight gain} or per dozen eggs was reduced by more than half over the same time period.
  • (b) Time to market was reduced by more than half over the same time period.
• Source: Adapted from USDA Annual Agricultural Statistics.

Expenditures for Food in the United States (Table 1.3)

• Table 1.3 presents expenditures for food in the United States in gross dollars and as a percent of personal disposable income.
• Source: USDA.

Ruminant Animals and Food Production from Non-Arable Land (Figure 1.7)

• Ruminants produce food for humans by utilizing grass, crop residues, and other forages from land that cannot produce crops for direct human consumption.
• Subfigures:
  • (a) Cattle grazing stubble in New South Wales, Australia.
  • (b) Cattle grazing hillsides in Georgia.
  • (c) Cattle grazing native range in Arizona.
  • (d) Sheep grazing native range.
• Source: (a–c) Tom Field; (d) Dalajlama/Fotolia.

Land–Plant–Ruminant–Animal–Human Relationship (Figure 1.8)

• Figure 1.8 illustrates the interconnected system feeding into human use, including energy flow and material outputs:
  • Sun drives growth of grains and concentrate feeds.
  • Pastures and grasslands provide forage.
  • Land and soil support growth of crops and forages.
  • Animal and Poultry Feeds are produced from crops and by-products.
  • Livestock and Poultry convert feed into edible outputs (meat, milk, eggs) and other products.
  • By-products and waste streams contribute (manure, oils, fats, inedible by-products).
  • Outputs include edible products (meat, milk, eggs) and non-edible outputs (hides, wool, offal, feathers, fiber).
  • Draft, transport, recreation uses of animal resources.
  • By-product ingredients and manure contribute to soil and land productivity.
  • People depend on these inputs and outputs for nutrition and livelihoods.
• caption: Graphic shows the flow from sun and land resources through feeds to animal products and wastes back to land and people.

Copyright and Use Restrictions

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Connections and Context (Foundational Principles, Real-World Relevance)

• Resource use and sustainability:
  • Ruminants enable food production from land unsuitable for crops, highlighting efficiency in resource-limited settings.
  • The land-plant-animal-human loop emphasizes interconnectedness of crop production, forage resources, and animal products.
• Global food security implications:
  • Variations in per-capita calories and protein between world and least developed economies reflect unequal access and dietary patterns.
  • Expenditures on food relate to affordability and nutrition in the context of disposable income.
• Technological progress in animal production:
  • Productivity gains (Table 1.2) and reduced time to market (footnotes a and b) indicate improvements in efficiency and potential economic impacts.
• Practical applications:
  • Use of non-arable land for ruminant production can relieve pressure on arable land used for direct human food.
  • Forage-based systems and by-products provide additional streams for agriculture and industry.
• Ethical and philosophical considerations (implied):
  • Balancing animal welfare with productivity and efficiency.
  • The environmental footprint of animal agriculture and its role in sustainable food systems.
  • Equity in global nutrition, given disparities in per-capita calorie and protein availability.

Notes on Figures/Tables (Reminders for Exam)

• Figure 1.2: Nutrient-dense animal foods and demand alignment.
• Figure 1.3: Daily caloric, protein, and fat intake attributable to animal products.
• Figure 1.4: Per-capita calories and protein by world vs least developed economies.
• Figure 1.5: Employment share in production agriculture by country.
• Figure 1.7: Ruminants feeding on grass and residues on land not suitable for crops.
• Figure 1.8: Integrated land–plant–animal–human system with energy and material flows.
• Table 1.1: Major domesticated species, numbers and uses (global overview).
• Table 1.2: Productivity changes in US farm animals; footnotes emphasize half-time reductions in feed intake per unit weight gain or egg production, and half-time reductions in time to market.
• Table 1.3: Expenditures for food in the US (gross dollars and % of disposable income).