Q: What is Ohm's Law?
A: Ohm's Law states that V=IRV = IRV=IR, where VVV is voltage, III is current, and RRR is resistance.
Q: What is the difference between a series and parallel circuit?
A: In a series circuit, components share the same current but different voltage drops. In a parallel circuit, components share the same voltage but different currents.
Q: What is Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)?
A: KVL states that the sum of all voltages around a closed loop is zero.
Q: What is Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)?
A: KCL states that the total current entering a node equals the total current leaving the node.
Q: Define Thevenin’s Theorem.
A: Thevenin’s Theorem states that any linear circuit with resistors and sources can be reduced to a single voltage source (VThV_{\text{Th}}VTh) in series with a resistor (RThR_{\text{Th}}RTh).
Q: What is Norton’s Theorem?
A: Norton’s Theorem states that any linear circuit with resistors and sources can be reduced to a single current source (INI_{\text{N}}IN) in parallel with a resistor (RNR_{\text{N}}RN).
Q: What is the relationship between Thevenin and Norton equivalents?
A: VTh=IN⋅RNV_{\text{Th}} = I_{\text{N}} \cdot R_{\text{N}}VTh=IN⋅RN and RTh=RNR_{\text{Th}} = R_{\text{N}}RTh=RN.
Q: What is the purpose of a capacitor in a DC circuit?
A: A capacitor stores energy in an electric field and blocks DC after charging.
Q: What is the impedance of a resistor, capacitor, and inductor?
A: Resistor: ZR=RZ_R = RZR=R; Capacitor: ZC=1jωCZ_C = \frac{1}{j\omega C}ZC=jωC1; Inductor: ZL=jωLZ_L = j\omega LZL=jωL, where ω\omegaω is angular frequency.
Q: Define power in electrical circuits.
A: Power is the rate at which energy is transferred and is given by P=VI=I2R=V2RP = VI = I^2R = \frac{V^2}{R}P=VI=I2R=RV2.
Q: What is the time constant in an RC circuit?
A: The time constant τ=RC\tau = RCτ=RC, where RRR is resistance and CCC is capacitance.
Q: How is the total resistance of resistors in series calculated?
A: Rtotal=R1+R2+⋯+RnR_{\text{total}} = R_1 + R_2 + \cdots + R_nRtotal=R1+R2+⋯+Rn.
Q: How is the total resistance of resistors in parallel calculated?
A: 1Rtotal=1R1+1R2+⋯+1Rn\frac{1}{R_{\text{total}}} = \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} + \cdots + \frac{1}{R_n}Rtotal1=R11+R21+⋯+Rn1.
Q: What is mutual inductance?
A: Mutual inductance is the property where a change in current in one inductor induces a voltage in another nearby inductor.
Q: What is the phase relationship between voltage and current in an inductor?
A: In an inductor, current lags voltage by 90∘90^\circ90∘.
Q: What is the phase relationship between voltage and current in a capacitor?
A: In a capacitor, current leads voltage by 90∘90^\circ90∘.
Q: What is a phasor?
A: A phasor is a complex number representing the magnitude and phase of a sinusoidal function in AC analysis.
Q: What is the condition for maximum power transfer in a circuit?
A: Maximum power transfer occurs when the load resistance equals the Thevenin resistance of the source.
Q: What is the unit of capacitance?
A: The unit of capacitance is the Farad (F).
Q: What does the term "steady-state" mean in circuit analysis?
A: Steady-state means that all transient behaviors have subsided, and the circuit variables are constant or sinusoidal.
Q: How does an ideal voltage source behave?
A: An ideal voltage source maintains a constant voltage regardless of the current drawn.
Q: How does an ideal current source behave?
A: An ideal current source maintains a constant current regardless of the voltage across it.
Q: What is the purpose of a diode in a circuit?
A: A diode allows current to flow in one direction only, acting as a rectifier.
Q: What is the difference between AC and DC?
A: AC is alternating current, which periodically reverses direction, while DC is direct current, which flows in one direction only.
Q: What is the purpose of an operational amplifier (op-amp)?
A: An op-amp amplifies the difference between its two input voltages.
Q: What is a node in a circuit?
A: A node is a point where two or more circuit elements are connected.
Q: Define "load resistance" in a circuit.
A: Load resistance is the resistance connected to the output of a circuit or device.
Q: What is the resonant frequency of an RLC circuit?
A: The resonant frequency f0=12πLCf_0 = \frac{1}{2\pi \sqrt{LC}}f0=2πLC1.
Q: What is the purpose of a transformer in AC circuits?
A: A transformer changes the voltage and current levels in AC circuits while maintaining the same power.
Q: What is a short circuit?
A: A short circuit occurs when a low-resistance path bypasses the intended load, causing excessive current flow.
Q: What is the unit of inductance?
A: The unit of inductance is the Henry (H).
Q: What is the cutoff frequency in an RC filter?
A: The cutoff frequency fc=12πRCf_c = \frac{1}{2\pi RC}fc=2πRC1.
Q: What is the purpose of a capacitor in an AC circuit?
A: A capacitor filters signals, blocks DC, or creates phase shifts.
Q: What happens to current in an open circuit?
A: In an open circuit, current flow is zero.
Q: What is a supernode?
A: A supernode is formed when a voltage source connects two nodes, and KCL is applied to the combined node.
Q: What does "ground" mean in a circuit?
A: Ground is the reference point for voltage in a circuit, usually considered 0V.
Q: Define reactance.
A: Reactance is the opposition to AC current by capacitors or inductors, given as XL=jωLX_L = j\omega LXL=jωL or XC=−1jωCX_C = -\frac{1}{j\omega C}XC=−jωC1.
Q: What is a mesh in a circuit?
A: A mesh is a loop in a circuit that does not contain any other loops within it.
Q: What is the unit of resistance?
A: The unit of resistance is the Ohm (Ω\OmegaΩ).
Q: What is a transient response in a circuit?
A: A transient response is the temporary behavior of a circuit as it transitions from one state to another before reaching steady-state.
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