Elmhorst_Psychology2e_C04_lecture_PPT

Page 1: Introduction to Consciousness

• Title: Psychology 2e Chapter 4 Consciousness

• Copyright © 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 2: Module Overview

• Title: Module 9 Sleep and Dreams

• Copyright © 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 3: Learning Objectives

• 9.1 Describe the various stages of consciousness.

• 9.2 Distinguish between explicit and implicit processing.

• 9.3 Understand circadian rhythm and its relation to sleep.

• 9.4 Outline theories about the functions of sleep.

• 9.5 Describe the characteristics of the sleep cycle.

• 9.6 Identify types of sleep disorders.

• 9.7 Compare perspectives on the functions of dreams.

Page 4: Consciousness Defined

• Consciousness: Awareness of everything happening around a person at any moment.

Page 5: States of Consciousness

• Waking Consciousness:

  • Clear, organized thoughts, feelings, and sensations. Person feels alert.

• Altered State of Consciousness:

  • Shift in mental activity quality or pattern compared to waking consciousness.

Page 6: Processing Types

• Explicit Processing:

  • Conscious thought process, focusing full attention on the task (effortful processing).

• Implicit Processing:

  • Unconscious thought process, performing actions without awareness (automatic processing).

Page 7: Need for Sleep

• Circadian Rhythms:

  • Natural cycle of activity controlled by the hypothalamus, impacting sleep-wake cycles.

• Biology of Sleep:

  • Sleep is vital for human body’s biological rhythms.

Page 8: Sleep Requirements

• Variability in sleep needs:

  • Young adults: 7-9 hours

  • Short sleepers: 4-5 hours

  • Long sleepers: >9 hours

  • Older adults: 6 hours or less.

• Sleep Deprivation: Leads to irritability and concentration issues.

Page 9: Sleep Patterns

• Visual representation of sleep patterns in infants and adults (Figure 9.1).

Page 10: Theories of Sleep

• Adaptive Theory: Sleep patterns evolved to avoid predators.

• Restorative Theory: Sleep is crucial for physical health, replenishing chemicals, and repairing cellular damage.

Page 11: Types of Sleep

• REM Sleep:

  • Active type of sleep where dreams occur. Voluntary muscles are inhibited.

• NREM Sleep:

  • Deeper, restful sleep. Body can move freely.

Page 12: Brainwave Patterns during Sleep

• EEG: Monitors brainwave activity through sleep stages.

  • Beta Waves: Fast waves, wide awake.

  • Alpha Waves: Relaxed and drowsy.

  • Theta Waves: Deep sleep approaching.

  • Delta Waves: Deepest stage of sleep.

Page 13: Brain Activity During Sleep

• Graphic representation of brain activity through various sleep stages (Figure 9.2).

Page 14: Stages of Sleep (1 of 2)

• N1 (Stage 1): Light sleep, experiences like hypnagogic images or jerks.

• N2 (Stage 2): Heart rate slows, bursts of activity called sleep spindles appear.

Page 15: Stages of Sleep (2 of 2)

• N3 (Stages 3 and 4): Deepest stage of sleep; highest bodily function recovery.

• R (REM): Followed by N2, rapid eye movement, increased body temperature, and vivid dreams occurring.

Page 16: Characteristics of REM Sleep

• REM Sleep: Associated with dreaming, helps release daily stress.

• REM Rebound: Increase in REM sleep following deprivation.

• REM in Ages: 50% in babies; 20% in adults.

Page 17: Typical Night's Sleep

• Overview of a typical night's progression through sleep stages (Figure 4.3).

Page 18: Sleep Disorders (1 of 2)

• Nightmares: Terrifying dreams occurring during REM sleep, more common in children.

• Night Terrors: Panic state causing extreme fear and physical reactions, mostly in young children.

Page 19: Sleep Disorders (2 of 2)

• Sleep Walking (Somnambulism): Occurs during N3; common in children, no recollection after waking.

Page 20: Problems During Sleep (1 of 2)

• Insomnia: Difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep; strategies include regular sleep schedules.

Page 21: Problems During Sleep (2 of 2)

• Sleep Apnea: Breathing stops and starts during sleep, causing loud snoring.

• Narcolepsy: Sudden episodes of REM sleep during waking hours.

Page 22: Summary of Sleep Disorders

• Table 9.1 lists several sleep disorders, their primary symptoms, and effects.

Page 23: Theories on Dreams

• Freud’s Theory: Dreams reveal unconscious conflicts and desires.

• Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis: Dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of random signals during sleep.

Page 24: Activation-Synthesis Theory Brain Overview

• Overview of brain regions involved in the activation-synthesis theory.

Page 25: Activation-Information-Mode Model

• Revised version of activation-synthesis theory; waking experiences influence dreams.

Page 26: Dream Content Analysis

• Research by Dr. William Domhoff on gender differences in dream content and its cultural contexts.

Page 27: Introduction to Hypnosis

• Title: Module 10 Hypnosis and Drugs

Page 28: Learning Objectives in Hypnosis and Drugs

• Various learning objectives including hypnosis, meditation, and drug effects.

Page 29: Understanding Hypnosis

• Definition of hypnosis; four key steps to induce hypnosis.

• Utilized for relaxation and managing pain, as well as for psychological therapy.

Page 30: Hypnotic Susceptibility

• Not everyone can be hypnotized; requires willingness. Characteristics of potential subjects include active brain areas related to decision-making.

Page 31: Theories of Hypnosis

• Dissociation Theory: Only the conscious mind is affected, while a part remains aware.

• Social Role-Playing Theory: Hypnosis is acting in accordance with expected behaviors.

Page 32: Facts About Hypnosis

• A detailed table describing what hypnosis can/cannot do, addressing common myths.

Page 33: Understanding Meditation

• Meditation: Mental exercises for achieving relaxation and altering consciousness.

• Changes brain waves towards theta and alpha patterns.

Page 34: Benefits of Meditation

• Numerous health benefits including lower blood pressure, stress reduction, and symptom mitigation for various conditions.

Page 35: Introduction to Flow States (1 of 2)

• Flow Theory: Describes peak engagement where one loses track of time and is fully immersed in an activity.

Page 36: Introduction to Flow States (2 of 2)

• Describes personal accounts from athletes, entertainers, and artists about experiencing flow.

Page 37: Psychoactive Drugs Defined

• Psychoactive Drugs: Substances affecting thinking and perception, can lead to serious health risks and dependencies.

Page 38: Physical Dependence Explained

• Describes the signs and conditions of physical dependence on drugs, including withdrawal symptoms.

Page 39: Brain’s Role in Drug Dependency

• Discusses how drugs target the brain's reward pathways, releasing dopamine for pleasure.

Page 40: Psychological Dependency

• Psychological Dependence: Belief that a drug is necessary for emotional well-being, no physical withdrawal symptoms.

Page 41: Categories of Psychoactive Drugs

• Major Categories: Includes stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens; their effects vary based on drug classification.

Page 42: Overview of Stimulants

• Stimulants: Increase functioning of the nervous system. Examples and effects discussed.

Page 43: Stimulants Examples

• Common stimulant drugs, including amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, and caffeine.

Page 44: Amphetamines Overview

• Synthesized drugs with severe addictive potential, risking violent behaviors and psychosis.

Page 45: Cocaine Overview

• Powerful, dangerous stimulant with severe side effects and risks to newborns if used during pregnancy.

Page 46: Nicotine Overview

• Mild stimulant with significant potential for addiction and withdrawal symptoms.

Page 47: Caffeine Overview

• Commonly used stimulant, promotes alertness and can enhance pain relief effectiveness.

Page 48: Overview of Depressants

• Depressants: Includes tranquilizers, barbiturates, and drugs like alcohol.

Page 49: Alcohol Risks

• Most abused depressant, health risks to vital organs and increased accidents.

Page 50: Overview of Narcotics

• Suppress sensations of pain and mimic natural painkillers of the nervous system.

Page 51: Morphine Overview

• Used medically for severe pain, with a derivative heroin causing significant social problems.

Page 52: Hallucinogens Logic

• Alter brain’s perception of sensations; can cause sensory distortions and hallucinations.

Page 53: Manufactured Highs Overview

• Includes LSD and PCP substances; can evoke strong sensory alterations.

Page 54: Non-manufactured High Overview

• Marijuana and its effects on mood, perception, and dependency.

Page 55: Drugs and Consciousness

• Table 10.2 detailing drug effects on consciousness and associated risks.

Page 56: Drug Users Demographics

• Groups of people who may turn to drugs due to psychological stresses or emotional crises.

Page 57: Cultural Influences on Drugs

• Social and cultural factors affecting drug use, including peer pressure and legal statuses.