World History Name: Delaney Simeral

Unit 4 - Conflicting Worldviews

Key Terms and Concepts

Part 1

Topic 12 Lesson 1: Absolute Monarchy in Spain and Monarchy

1. Absolute monarchy - a form of government in which a ruler has complete authority over the government and lives of the people he or she governs

2. Divine Right - idea that a ruler’s authority came directly from God

3. Hapsburg empire - Central European empire that lasted from the 1400s to the 1900s and at its height included the lands of the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands

4. Charles V - (1500–1558) was the Holy Roman emperor during the time of Martin Luther’s reformation efforts, which he rejected as a staunch catholic. His immense empire included large areas of Europe. The Protestant upheaval, along with political pressures, led Charles to voluntarily give up his throne, divided the empire between his son and his brother, then entered a Catholic monastery where he remained until his death.

5. Philip II - (1527-1598) served as king of the Spaniards and king of the Portuguese as and strong supporter of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation. Under his rule, the Spanish empire was at its strongest; however, he was unable to control the revolt of the Netherlands and failed in his attempt to invade England.

6. Armada - fleet of ships

7. El Greco - (1541–1614) was a master of Spanish painting who also worked as a sculptor and architect during Spain’s Golden Age.

8. Miguel de Cervaties - (1547–1616), a Spanish novelist, playwright, and poet, was the most important figure in Spanish literature. His novel Don Quixote is his most well-known work.

9. Huguenots - French Protestants of the 1500s and 1600s

10. Henry IV - (1050–1106) was a German king who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1084. His efforts to increase the power of the monarchy led him into conflict with Pope Gregory VIII over lay investiture. Gregory excommunicated Henry but later reinstated him in the church after Henry did penance.

11. Edict of Nantes - law issued by French king Henry IV in 1598 giving more religious freedom to French Protestants

12. Cardinal Richelieu - (1585–1642) considered one of the greatest politicians in history, he played an important role in France’s history while serving as chief minister to Louis XIII.

13. Louis XIV - (1638–1715) served as king of France (1643–1715) and is considered the symbol of absolute monarchy.

14. Intendants - official appointed by French king Louis XIV to govern the provinces, collect taxes, and recruit soldiers

15. Jean-Baptiste Colbert - (1619–1683) served under King Louis XIV of France as controller general of finance and secretary of state for the navy. He carried out economic programs that helped make France the strongest power in Europe.

16. Versailles - royal French residence and seat of government established by King Louis XIV

17. Levee - morning ritual during which nobles would wait upon French king Louis XIV

18. Balance of power - distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong

Topic 13 Lesson 4: Changing the Ways of Life and Thought

1. Cult of Domesticity - idealization of women and the home

2. Temperance movement - campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages

3. Elizabeth Cady Stanton - (1815–1902) was an author, lecturer, and activist who played a major role in the women’s right movement. She drafted speeches and many of the movement’s important documents, including the women’s “Declaration of Rights.” Stanton helped plan and lead the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention. Later in life, she began to focus more on social reforms, including child care, divorce laws, and temperance. Stanton died 18 years before women were granted the right to vote.

4. Women’s Suffrage - right of women to vote

5. Sojourner Truth - (1797–1883) was one of the most well-known African American women during the 19th century. She was born into slavery, gained her freedom in 1826, and changed her name. In 1843, she began traveling the country to preach for human rights. Truth was an important figure in the women’s rights movement, temperance, racial equality, and prison reform.

6. John Dalton - (1766–1844) was an English teacher, lecturer, meteorologist, physicist, and chemist. His interest in the atmosphere led to his development of the Atomic Theory in 1803. His theory stated that atoms have mass, that elements are made up of atoms, and that chemical reactions could be explained by the combination and separation of atoms. Although parts of his theory have now been proved wrong, it remains the foundation of modern chemistry and physical science.

7. Charles Darwin - (1809–1882) was an English naturalist who developed the theory of evolution through the process of natural selection. In 1831, he set sail on a five-year voyage around the world. He theorized that isolation, time, and adapting to local conditions, leads to new species. His observation and the samples he collected helped him develop his theory of evolution.

8. Racism - belief that one racial group is superior to another

9. William Wordsworth - (1770–1850) was instrumental in launching Romanticism and wrote some of Western literature’s most influential poems. His sympathy for people and recognition of societal ills—particularly in urban areas—served as an inspiration for his work and his strong focus on emotion. It also inspired his view of the poet’s role in society and his political ideals.

10. Romanticism - 19th-century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason

11. Lord Byron - (1788–1824) was a member of the House of Lords, a political and social satirist, and one of the most memorable, fashionable, and captivating Romantic poets. He became the model for the Romantic hero and the embodiment of the movement. Byron believed in liberty, which he often focused on in both his works and deeds. Although Byron died before he completed his poem Don Juan, it is considered to be his masterpiece and one of England’s great long poems.

12. Victor Hugo - (1802–1885) was a leading literary, intellectual, and political figure in France. His works were not only extremely popular, like Notre Dame de Paris and Les Misérables —but also highly influential and respected. Hugo believed in the cause of the common people and saw in them both strength and potential. He sought to portray both their virtues and their plights in his works. Although Hugo did not live in poverty, he associated with the lower class, and, according to his wishes, he had a pauper’s funeral and grave.

13. Ludwig van Beethoven - (1770–1827) was a German composer trained in piano and violin by his father Johannes. At the age of 12, he published his first work and began playing viola in the symphony orchestra in Bonn, Germany.  He wrote most of his symphonies, concertos, sonatas, and string quartets. Although he began to lose his hearing 1798, he continued to compose music he could hear only in his mind.

14. Realism - 19th-century artistic movement whose aim was to represent the world as it is

15. Charles Dickens - (1812–1870) was an English author who began his writing career as a freelance reporter. In 1836, he began publishing installments of his first novel, The Pickwick Papers, which launched his career as a novelist. Dickens was dedicated to depicting real life. He hoped to bring about reform, so his novels often focused on the problems of the poor to expose social ills.

16. Gustave Courbet - (1819–1877) was a leading French painter in the Realist movement. While he painted more traditional subjects, such as seascapes, portraits, and landscapes, he also focused on representing daily life by painting the rural middle class and bohemian culture, as well as social issues by depicting the harsh lives of the poor.

17. Louis Daglueme - (1787–1851) was a French painter and physicist who invented photography. Before Daguerre invented the camera, he was a printmaker and painter. In 1839, he showed his process to the Académie des Sciences and the Académie des Beaux-Arts. He astounded everyone, and his invention revolutionized both the arts and the sciences.

18. Impressionism - school of painting of the late 1800s and early 1900s that tried to capture fleeting visual impressions

19. Claude Monet - (1840–1926) was one of the leading figures in the French Impressionist movement. Monet sought to create an accurate depiction of nature through his use of color, tones, texture, and brush strokes. Two of his most famous series are the grain stacks and water lily pond.

20. Vincent van Gogh - (1853–1890) was an artist for only ten years, yet he produced more than 2,000 drawings, sketches, and paintings. Early on, the Impressionists greatly influenced his style. Van Gogh later moved to Arles, France. While there he had a breakdown and committed himself to an asylum. During this time, he began to use more vibrant colors, wide brushstrokes, movement in form and line, and thick layers of paint. He was released in May 1890 and died two months later.