SCIENCE 9 Q2 W4 Day 1-4

• Introduction to various chemical formulas and elements

  • Chemical equation example: H2O=2H+O5C + C6H12O6

  • Element symbols and atomic masses:

    • Sulfur (S) = 32.07

    • Carbon (C) = 12.01

    • Iodine (I) = 126.90

    • Nitrogen (N) = 14.01

    • Cerium (Ce) = 140.12

Page 2

• Introduction to Organic Chemistry

  • Understanding carbon compounds and their importance in biological systems

  • Environmental impacts of these compounds

Page 3

• Focus on global warming and climate change

  • Discuss the role of greenhouse gases in these phenomena

Page 4

• Lesson Objectives

  • Topics:

    • Carbon atoms

    • Organic compounds

    • Classification of organic compounds

    • Global warming

Page 5

• What is Organic Chemistry?

  • Branch of chemistry that studies carbon-containing compounds

  • Covers structure, properties, reactions, and uses of organic molecules

Page 6

• Unique Properties of Carbon

  • Carbon's ability to bond with itself and other elements

  • Can form long chains, rings, and complex structures

Page 7

• Organic Compounds: Building Blocks of Life

  • Essential organic compounds include:

    • Carbohydrates: Energy source (e.g., glucose)

    • Proteins: Structure and function in cells (e.g., enzymes)

    • Lipids: Energy storage and cell membranes

    • Nucleic Acids: Genetic information carriers (e.g., DNA & RNA)

Page 8

• Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming

  • Combustion of fossil fuels releases CO₂ and CH₄, enhancing greenhouse effect

  • Leads to climate change and global warming

Page 9

• Fossil Fuels: Types of Organic Compounds

  • Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) are hydrocarbons from ancient organisms

  • Release CO₂ when burned, contributing to atmospheric CO₂ levels

Page 10

• The Carbon Cycle

  • Carbon cycles through atmosphere, oceans, and biosphere

  • Human activities disrupt natural balance, increasing CO₂ in atmosphere

Page 11

• Classification of Organic Compounds

  • Hydrocarbons: Compounds of carbon and hydrogen (e.g., methane, propane)

  • Alcohols: Compounds with -OH functional group (e.g., ethanol)

  • Carboxylic Acids: Compounds with -COOH group (e.g., acetic acid)

  • Esters: Molecules with pleasant smells, found in fruits

Page 12

• Organic vs Inorganic Chemistry

  • Key differences are discussed, covering definitions and focus areas

Page 13

• Organization of materials into organic and inorganic categories

Page 14

• Examples of organic and inorganic compounds

  • Organic: fuels

  • Inorganic: salts

Page 15

• Definitions

  • Organic Chemistry: Study of carbon-containing compounds, focusing on C-H bonds

  • Inorganic Chemistry: Study of compounds lacking C-H bonds; includes metals and minerals

Page 16

• Visual representations of organic vs inorganic compounds

Page 17

• Key Differences

  • Organic Compounds:

    • Contain carbon-hydrogen bonds

    • Form covalent bonds

    • Can be large and complex structures

  • Inorganic Compounds:

    • Usually do not contain C-H bonds

    • Can have ionic or covalent bonds

    • Tend to have simpler structures

Page 18

• Examples and their roles in both organic and inorganic chemistry

  • Organic: Plastics, biomolecules, fuels

  • Inorganic: Salts, metals, minerals

Page 19

• Comparative properties of Organic vs Inorganic

  • Organic: Low boiling/melting points, combustible, complex structures

  • Inorganic: High boiling/melting points, often non-combustible, simpler structures

Page 20

• Why Carbon Is Special

  • Carbon’s small size allows formation of stable, complex molecules important for life

  • Examples: proteins, DNA

Page 21

• Real-World Applications of Organic Chemistry

  • Pharmaceuticals: Medicine creation

  • Materials: Plastics, rubbers, fibers

  • Energy: Biofuels, renewable energy

  • Agriculture: Fertilizers, pesticides

Page 22

• Importance of understanding both organic and inorganic compounds

Page 23

• Classifications of organic compounds and their types, structures, and essential features

  • Focus on specific organic compounds like ethanol

Page 24

• Unique properties of Carbon

  • Tetravalency: Ability to form four bonds

  • Bonding versatility: Forms various structures

Page 25

• General properties of organic compounds

  • Low melting/boiling points

  • Flammability of many hydrocarbons

  • Solubility properties in polar vs non-polar solvents

Page 26

• Classification of organic compounds

  • Hydrocarbons, nitrogen compounds, oxygen compounds, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes

Page 27

• Detailing specific classifications of organic compounds based on structures and groups

Page 28

• Hydrocarbons: Only carbon and hydrogen compounds

Page 29

• Alcohols: Compounds with -OH group

  • e.g., Ethanol (C2H5OH)

Page 30

• Carboxylic Acids: Compounds with -COOH group

  • e.g., Vinegar (CH3COOH)

Page 31

• Amines: Compounds with -NH2 group

  • e.g., Methylamine (CH3NH2)

Page 32

• Hydrocarbons: Overview of simple organic compounds

Page 33

• Hydrocarbons classification based on bonding types

  • Alkanes (saturated), Alkenes (unsaturated), Alkynes (unsaturated)

Page 34

• Key properties of hydrocarbons

  • Nonpolarity, flammability, low reactivity of alkanes

Page 35

• Writing structural formulas

  • Molecular vs structural vs condensed formulas

Page 36

• Examples of structural formulas for various compounds

  • e.g. Methane: CH4, Ethanol: C2H6O

Page 37

• Real-life applications of hydrocarbons

  • Uses in energy production

Page 38

• Real-life applications of alcohols

  • Applications in hand sanitizers and as solvents

Page 39

• Real-life applications of carboxylic acids

  • Common uses include vinegar

Page 40

• Real-life applications of amines

Page 41

• Focus on functional groups associated with organic compounds

Page 42

• Alkanes Overview

  • Saturated hydrocarbons, general formula: CnH2n+2

  • Commonly used as fuels

Page 43

• Alkenes Overview

  • Unsaturated hydrocarbons, general formula: CnH2n

  • Found in rubber and plastics

Page 44

• Alkynes Overview

  • Unsaturated hydrocarbons with triple bonds, general formula: CnH2n-2

Page 45

• Cycloalkanes Overview

  • Alkanes arranged in a ring shape

Page 46

• Examples of cycloalkanes

  • Cyclobutane, Cyclopentane, Cyclohexane

Page 47

• Aromatic hydrocarbons

  • Presence of benzene ring in structures

Page 48

• Compounds containing oxygen: Hydrocarbon derivatives

  • Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl functional groups

Page 49

• Alcohols defined

  • General formula: R-OH

  • Applications in industrial and pharmaceutical fields

Page 50

• Ethers explanation

  • Structure characterized by -O- group

Page 51

• Aldehydes and ketones overview

  • Presence of carbonyl group (-CO) in both classes

Page 52

• Carboxylic acids defined

  • General formula: R - COOH

  • Common examples: Methanoic acid, Ethanoic acid

Page 53

• Esters overview

  • Contain carboxyl -COO group

  • General formula: R - CO - R

Page 54

• Amines defined

  • Contain nitrogen atom attached to alkyl groups

  • General formula: R-NH2

Page 55

• Amides overview

  • Derived from carboxylic acids, used in various industries

  • General formula: R - CONH2