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Chapter 1: Introduction to Networks

Exam Objectives

• Domain 1.0 Networking Concepts

• 1.6: Compare and contrast network topologies, architectures, and types:

  • Mesh

  • Hybrid

  • Star/hub and spoke

  • Spine and leaf

  • Point to point

  • Three-tier hierarchical model

    • Core

    • Distribution

    • Access

  • Traffic flows

    • North-south

    • East-west

Importance of Networking

• Computers have become invaluable in personal and professional life.

• Society's dependence on computers necessitates reliable networks.

• Networks vary in size and complexity, requiring proper maintenance and understanding of networking basics.

• Knowledge of networks is essential for IT growth and success in the Network+ certification exam.

What is a Network?

• Definition: A group or system of interconnected people or things; in computing, it refers to connected computers sharing resources like data and applications.

• Example of a basic network: Two host computers sharing resources.

• Communication occurs using binary code (1s and 0s).

Local Area Network (LAN)

• LAN: Typically restricted to a specific geographic area (e.g., office or home).

• Historical limitations on LAN size (not more than 30 workstations, limited distance).

• Modern technology allows for larger LANs; logically split into workgroups for easier management.

• Workgroup defined as devices in the same network segment without security association.

• Workgroups should align with departmental divisions to streamline resource access.

• LANs require routers for interconnection to communicate and share resources across different groups.

Common Network Components

• Workstations: Powerful computers available to users; often confused with client machines.

• Servers: Specialized powerful computers that manage network resources and operate network operating systems.

  • Types of servers:

    • File Server

    • Mail Server

    • Print Server

    • Web Server

    • Application Server

    • Proxy Server

• Hosts: Any device on a network with an IP address (e.g., workstations and servers).

Network Types

• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): Interconnects various buildings/facilities over high-speed connections.

• Wide Area Network (WAN): Spans large geographic areas; typically uses routers and public links.

  • Differences from LANs include: slower speeds, need for router ports, and potential for private/public data transport media.

• Personal Area Network (PAN): Used for close proximity connections like smartphones and laptops.

• Campus Area Network (CAN): Covers limited geographical areas like college or corporate campuses.

• Storage Area Network (SAN): Exclusively for storage traffic, interconnecting servers to storage systems.

• Software-Defined Wide Area Network (SDWAN): Virtual WAN architecture that uses software for managing connectivity and applications.

• Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS): Popular WAN protocol known for its flexibility and functionality.

• Hybrid Topology: Combination of different topologies for specific networking requirements.

Physical Network Topologies

• Definition: The arrangement of different devices and media in a network.

• Common topologies include:

  • Bus Topology: Simple, but easily fails if the main cable has an issue.

  • Star Topology: More fault-tolerant; each device connects to a central hub/switch, allowing easier troubleshooting and scalability.

  • Ring Topology: Not widely used due to complexity and lack of fault tolerance.

  • Mesh Topology: High redundancy, but difficult to manage; primarily utilized in WANs.

  • Point-to-Point Topology: Direct connection between two devices.

  • Point-to-Multipoint Topology: Connection from one device to multiple devices.

Network Architecture: Peer-to-Peer vs. Client-Server

• Peer-to-Peer Networks: All computers have equal authority but pose security challenges.

• Client-Server Networks: Centralized management, better organization, more secure.

Key Concepts in Networking

• Familiarize with potential networks, topologies, and architectures for effective design and troubleshooting.

• Understanding traffic flow (north-south and east-west) is crucial for security and data management.