ENGLISH FINAL EXAM

RICHARD THE LIONHEART

  • statue outside House of Parliament which is unusual

  • only English Kind flung into foreign dungeon — while there, affair with daughter of German king

    • king starved a lion and orders for it to “escape” into Richard’s cell

    • Richard heard of plan from king’s daughter and asks for 40 silk handkerchiefs

    • wrapped arm, shoved down lion’s throat, grabbed heart, and ate it in front of everyone

  • crusade in 1189

    • Muslims had Holy Land

    • believed that if crusader risked life, greater chance of getting into heaven

    • love-hate relationship between England and Jews'

    • Richard attempted to protect Jews but abused Muslims

    • failed to capture Jerusalem but did secure Acre and a strip of territory that provided a place for Christian influence

  • good warrior

  • England had a lot of supplies because of him

  • loved music

    • wrote ballad for lady of the court

  • dies from wound at 41

ORDER OF THE GARTER

  • Edward III held ball celebrating victory at Crecy

  • as ladies danced, one lost blue garter

  • King tied it around his leg — saving her from embarrassment

  • wouldn’t have been significant if girl would’ve been his wife

  • 19 year old girl who dropped garter (aka Fair Maid of Kent)

    • 2 husbands at once

      • married earl when already married to knight

    • Pope said she should return to knight (Sir Thomas Holland)

      • has 5 kids

  • next year married Black prince and had 2 kids

  • Edward founded Order of the Garter

    • garter of blue silk is the focus of ceremony

    • order of chivalry

    • brotherhood of 24 knights

BATTLE OF AGINCOURT

  • Henry V in a hurry

  • saw himself as God’s soldier

  • long running quarrel between England and France

  • “my hope is in God”

  • 6000 English who were ill

  • 20,000 French who were confident

  • English archers were crucial

  • thick woods troubled the French

  • few English casualties

  • 7000+ dead French

  • Henry killed noblemen who surrendered but weren’t unarmed because he saw them as threats

  • London welcomed Henry home with celebration

  • Henry’s patriotism was infused with religion

JOAN OF ARC

  • aka “the Maid”

  • 3 years after Henry V’s son held his double monarchy, Joan had her first encounter with God

  • won audience with Dauphin

    • Joan went into court in men’s clothing

    • Dauphin was inspired

    • “appeared radiant”

  • 1429, 17 years old, joined French army

    • perfect timing

      • English were deserted by allies

      • within 10 days of her arrival, English retreated

  • voice told her to dress as a soldier of God

  • demanded French to stop cursing, go to church, and stop looting/harassing civilians

  • May 1430

    • captured by Burgundian forces

      • Burgundians and English were excited because have never been so afraid of a commander

    • English condemned her as a witch because she dressed like a man

      • Dauphin could have helped but did not

      • May 30, 1431 → burned at stake

  • white dove in sky at her death

    • French took this as God’s blessing

PRINCES IN THE TOWER

  • 30 Richard → Edward IV’s brother

  • 12 Edward → Prince of Wales, son of Edward IV

  • 9 Richard → Prince of York, son of Edward IV

  • boys were illegitimate

  • Uncle Richard proclaimed himself king

  • boys vanished

  • 2 centuries later, wooden chest under stairs of Tower of London that contained 2 skeletons of 2 children who were same age as boys

  • Charles II ordred inquiry

    • all agreed it was skeletons of boys, killed by Uncle Richard in 1483

    • buried in Westminister Abbey

  • King George V wants to know what actually happened

    • 2 medical experts confirmed it was the boys

    • dental expert said it could’ve been suffocation

    • Thomas More account (1514)

    • Shakespeare wrote story about Richard III (1st performed 1597)

      • King ordered boys to be murdered

      • evil personality portrayed by disability → in reality, handsome man

  • Richard III society (Fellowship of the White Boar)

    • founded in 1924

    • thriving historical club

  • Ricardians support Richard III

    • More says bodies were dug up and buried some place else so it couldn’t be the boys that were found → boys could’ve ran away

    • a single stain doesn’t mean suffocation

  • 1984 → another trial → not guilty

  • truth is still not known

HOW STUDENTS SHOULD BEHAVE - John of Garland

  • genteel = considerate of other

  • hospitable

  • be a good host

  • not worrying about little details will lead to not worrying about big things

  • not about servants → about taking care of guests

  • life is full of small things

  • soberly = a realistic perception

  • “regulate your household soberly” = be reasonable with prices

  • “civic duties” = jury, service, staying informed, etc

  • how much you care for others will impress others

  • if God isn’t a part of your thinking, your mind is handicapped

  • manners are vital

  • don’t be a hypocrite

THE FUNCTION OF KNIGHTHOOD - John of Salisbury

  • defending the Church is the first rule