ENGLISH FINAL EXAM

RICHARD THE LIONHEART

• statue outside House of Parliament which is unusual

• only English Kind flung into foreign dungeon — while there, affair with daughter of German king

  • king starved a lion and orders for it to “escape” into Richard’s cell

  • Richard heard of plan from king’s daughter and asks for 40 silk handkerchiefs

  • wrapped arm, shoved down lion’s throat, grabbed heart, and ate it in front of everyone

• crusade in 1189

  • Muslims had Holy Land

  • believed that if crusader risked life, greater chance of getting into heaven

  • love-hate relationship between England and Jews'

  • Richard attempted to protect Jews but abused Muslims

  • failed to capture Jerusalem but did secure Acre and a strip of territory that provided a place for Christian influence

• good warrior

• England had a lot of supplies because of him

• loved music

  • wrote ballad for lady of the court

• dies from wound at 41

ORDER OF THE GARTER

• Edward III held ball celebrating victory at Crecy

• as ladies danced, one lost blue garter

• King tied it around his leg — saving her from embarrassment

• wouldn’t have been significant if girl would’ve been his wife

• 19 year old girl who dropped garter (aka Fair Maid of Kent)

  • 2 husbands at once

    • married earl when already married to knight

  • Pope said she should return to knight (Sir Thomas Holland)

    • has 5 kids

• next year married Black prince and had 2 kids

• Edward founded Order of the Garter

  • garter of blue silk is the focus of ceremony

  • order of chivalry

  • brotherhood of 24 knights

BATTLE OF AGINCOURT

• Henry V in a hurry

• saw himself as God’s soldier

• long running quarrel between England and France

• “my hope is in God”

• 6000 English who were ill

• 20,000 French who were confident

• English archers were crucial

• thick woods troubled the French

• few English casualties

• 7000+ dead French

• Henry killed noblemen who surrendered but weren’t unarmed because he saw them as threats

• London welcomed Henry home with celebration

• Henry’s patriotism was infused with religion

JOAN OF ARC

• aka “the Maid”

• 3 years after Henry V’s son held his double monarchy, Joan had her first encounter with God

• won audience with Dauphin

  • Joan went into court in men’s clothing

  • Dauphin was inspired

  • “appeared radiant”

• 1429, 17 years old, joined French army

  • perfect timing

    • English were deserted by allies

    • within 10 days of her arrival, English retreated

• voice told her to dress as a soldier of God

• demanded French to stop cursing, go to church, and stop looting/harassing civilians

• May 1430

  • captured by Burgundian forces

    • Burgundians and English were excited because have never been so afraid of a commander

  • English condemned her as a witch because she dressed like a man

    • Dauphin could have helped but did not

    • May 30, 1431 → burned at stake

• white dove in sky at her death

  • French took this as God’s blessing

PRINCES IN THE TOWER

• 30 Richard → Edward IV’s brother

• 12 Edward → Prince of Wales, son of Edward IV

• 9 Richard → Prince of York, son of Edward IV

• boys were illegitimate

• Uncle Richard proclaimed himself king

• boys vanished

• 2 centuries later, wooden chest under stairs of Tower of London that contained 2 skeletons of 2 children who were same age as boys

• Charles II ordred inquiry

  • all agreed it was skeletons of boys, killed by Uncle Richard in 1483

  • buried in Westminister Abbey

• King George V wants to know what actually happened

  • 2 medical experts confirmed it was the boys

  • dental expert said it could’ve been suffocation

  • Thomas More account (1514)

  • Shakespeare wrote story about Richard III (1st performed 1597)

    • King ordered boys to be murdered

    • evil personality portrayed by disability → in reality, handsome man

• Richard III society (Fellowship of the White Boar)

  • founded in 1924

  • thriving historical club

• Ricardians support Richard III

  • More says bodies were dug up and buried some place else so it couldn’t be the boys that were found → boys could’ve ran away

  • a single stain doesn’t mean suffocation

• 1984 → another trial → not guilty

• truth is still not known

HOW STUDENTS SHOULD BEHAVE - John of Garland

• genteel = considerate of other

• hospitable

• be a good host

• not worrying about little details will lead to not worrying about big things

• not about servants → about taking care of guests

• life is full of small things

• soberly = a realistic perception

• “regulate your household soberly” = be reasonable with prices

• “civic duties” = jury, service, staying informed, etc

• how much you care for others will impress others

• if God isn’t a part of your thinking, your mind is handicapped

• manners are vital

• don’t be a hypocrite

THE FUNCTION OF KNIGHTHOOD - John of Salisbury

• defending the Church is the first rule