carbon compounds

macromolecules

• carbs

• lipids

• proteins

• nucleic acids

monomers: simple blocks

dimers: 2 simple blocks linked together through dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction

polymers: many simple blocks linked together by glycosidic linkage

hydrolysis: breaking down of polymers into monomers by the addition of water, reversing the dehydration synthesis process.

1. carbohydrates: short term energy source, exoskeletal structure of arthropods, cell wall component

   • monomers

     • common name: monosaccherides

     • examples) ribose, glucose, fructure, galactose

     • linear structure or ring structures

   • dimers

     • common name: disaccherides

     • ex)

       • sucrose —> glucose +fructose

       • lactose —> glucose + galactose

       • maltose —> glucose + glucose

     • 2 rings connected

   • polymers

     • common name: polysaccherides

     • example: amylose, cellulose, glycogen, chitin

       • animals: glycogen = # of branches go up

       • plants : linear component of cell wall

2. lipids: long term energy source —> 9kcal/g

   • 3 fatty acids (glycerol backbone connected by the ester linkage to 3 fatty acids)

   • hydrocarbons —> h + c

   • saturated fat

     • fatty acids: all single bonded, easy to stack, solidifies well

   • unsaturated fat

     • double bond present = bent structure

   • phospholipids

     • kink: double bond present

       • fatty acids

     • component of cell membrane can form phospholipid bilayers

3. proteins

• monomer: amino acids (anime, carbonyl, and functional groups)

• dimer: dipeptide (peptide bond

• polypeptide chain (formed by multiple peptide bonds)

• sickle cell anemia: red blood cell and sickle cell

• 3d structures of amino acids : only 3d structures are proteins

4. nucleic acids

   • nucleotides

   • rna

   • dna

types of amino acids

• polar

• nonpolar

• ring structure

• positive charge

• negative charge

1. enzymatic rxn

   • speeds up rate of reaction =digestive enzymes

2. structural ptns

   • support

   • collagens

3. storage ptn

   1. store amino acids

   2. egg white

4. transport ptns

   1. store amino acids

   2. hemoglobin in blood

5. hormonal ptns

   1. store aminio acids

      1. insulin

6. receptor ptns

   1. receive chemical stimuli

   2. signal

7. contractile/motor ptn

   1. movement

   2. muscles/sperm

8. defensive ptns

   1. immune system

   2. antibodies