LECTURE 1
1. presence or absence of cell
2. disease-causing or not disease-causing
- microorganisms that contain a cell
- bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists
- do not have a cell
- lifeless microorganisms that depend on their host to perform chemical reactions
- viruses, viroids, prions
- causes disease
- Staphylococcus aureus
- does not cause disease
- Staphylococcus epidermidis (helps protect skin against infection)
- a group of microorganisms that are native to our bodies
- helps aid in digestion and protect the body from disease
- part of our indigenous microbiota
- when exposed to certain stimuli or other opportunities, they become pathogenic
- E.coli is naturally found in our intestines but when it enters the urinary tract, it can potentially cause infection
- produces oxygen and food for itself
- Cyanobacteria can photosynthesize in the absence of light and produces more oxygen than plants
- dead materials are broken down into simpler forms
- Decomposers and saprophytes feed on dead materials and deliver nutrients such as nitrogen into the soil
- microorganisms can help eliminate harmful events in nature such as an oil spill
- microorganisms break down the oil for it to disintegrate
- microorganisms play an important role in replenishing the different elements such as in the carbon cycle, oxygen cycle, nitrogen cycle, sulfur cycle, etc.
- can be linked to decomposition (nitrogen cycle) and photosynthesis (carbon-oxygen cycle)
- phytoplanktons and zooplanktons serve as food for small marine organisms that are eaten by larger organisms
- microorganisms can be the starting point of a food chain, especially in the marine ecosystem
- termites consume wood and utilize microorganisms to break down and digest cellulose
- cheese and alcohol and products of fermentation
- cure to infection
- in the case of vaccines, the weakened version of a virus is injected into the body for the purpose of developing immunity through the formation of antibodies
- a technological advancement with the use of microorganisms
- in stem cell therapy, stem cells are replaced to cure disease
- gene utilized in the production of insulin is introduced into the microorganism and is injected into a person who has diabetes
- cells of microorganisms, especially prokaryotes serve as cell model for us to gain a better understanding of cells
- pathogenic vs. non-pathogenic
- a German botanist and German physiologist who proposed the Cell Theory in 1839
- Schleiden studied plants while Schwann studied animals, and in the process, they both noticed “tiny dots” in the middle of the cells that they observed under the microscope, which were later called as nuclei, and both concluded that it must be a important part to all life
- Cell Theory has three parts:
(1) all organisms are made of cells,
(2) cells are the basic units of life, and
(3) cells come from preexisting cells that have multiplied, as described by Rudolf Virchow in 1858, when he stated omnis cellula e cellula (all cells come from cells)
-
- proposed a Mechanistic Model (cells are little factories with different parts that have different functions; their functions make the parts add up into an organic whole)
- wrote the cell theory along with Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
- not a trained scientist and was only fascinated with placing lens on metal for observation
- the first one to see microorganisms and called them as “animalcules” since they resembled small animals
- credited as the co-founder of microbiology and the founder of modern zymology (science of fermentation)
- disproved abiogenesis through his milk experiment and introduced biogenesis
- in his milk experiment, wherein there were two containers of milk, one with no lid and the other covered, microorganisms only grew on the milk that was uncovered
- Pasteurization became accepted as form of preservation and is a process of exposing a certain liquid such as milk to prevent the growth of bacteria
- he gave birth to the concept of fermentation because according to him, grape with yeast can produce alcohol
- spontaneous generation
- people in the early ages assumed meat can give birth to microorganisms
- life from life
- a British surgeon who established the study of antisepsis
- applying Louis Pasteur's germ theory of fermentation on wound putrefaction, he advocated for hospital practices such as sterilization in surgery using carbolic acid (phenol) as an antiseptic
- his contributions are concerned with methods that can be utilized in the further study of microorganisms such as staining and culturing of bacteria
- questioned how microorganisms can cause disease and is one of the founders of bacteriology, particularly in relation to human health
- identified the 4 postulates for identifying diseases:
(1) the microorganism must always be present, in every case of the disease, (2) the germ must be able to be isolated from a host containing the disease and grown in a lab, in a “culture”,
(3) samples taken from the culture must cause the same disease when introduced into a healthy model animal like a mouse,
and (4) the germ must be isolated from that new animal, meaning it is the same organism that caused the disease in the original host
- proposed the petri dish to Koch for culturing of microorganisms
- introduced agar
- during the cholera outbreak that ravaged England in 1854, he convinced the Soho council to remove the well pump handle due to a personal belief that the germ known as Vibrio cholerae responsible for causing the disease was present in its water
- cholera cases gradually dropped after the well pump handle was removed but later, it was found out that the well did not directly cause cholera and the decrease in cases were a mere coincidence
- a German-American physiologist who began experiments on embryonic development (how organisms grow from single-celled embryos)
- introduced parthenogenesis through sea urchins (birth from self) and it was seen as an early form of bioengineering
- his notable students included the behavioral psychologists, Burrhus Frederic Skinner and John Broadus Watson, along Gregory Pincus, one of the creators of the birth control pill
- a theory that states that diseases were caused by foul-smelling airs that came from rotting meats, swamps, and other putrefying sources
1. presence or absence of cell
2. disease-causing or not disease-causing
- microorganisms that contain a cell
- bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists
- do not have a cell
- lifeless microorganisms that depend on their host to perform chemical reactions
- viruses, viroids, prions
- causes disease
- Staphylococcus aureus
- does not cause disease
- Staphylococcus epidermidis (helps protect skin against infection)
- a group of microorganisms that are native to our bodies
- helps aid in digestion and protect the body from disease
- part of our indigenous microbiota
- when exposed to certain stimuli or other opportunities, they become pathogenic
- E.coli is naturally found in our intestines but when it enters the urinary tract, it can potentially cause infection
- produces oxygen and food for itself
- Cyanobacteria can photosynthesize in the absence of light and produces more oxygen than plants
- dead materials are broken down into simpler forms
- Decomposers and saprophytes feed on dead materials and deliver nutrients such as nitrogen into the soil
- microorganisms can help eliminate harmful events in nature such as an oil spill
- microorganisms break down the oil for it to disintegrate
- microorganisms play an important role in replenishing the different elements such as in the carbon cycle, oxygen cycle, nitrogen cycle, sulfur cycle, etc.
- can be linked to decomposition (nitrogen cycle) and photosynthesis (carbon-oxygen cycle)
- phytoplanktons and zooplanktons serve as food for small marine organisms that are eaten by larger organisms
- microorganisms can be the starting point of a food chain, especially in the marine ecosystem
- termites consume wood and utilize microorganisms to break down and digest cellulose
- cheese and alcohol and products of fermentation
- cure to infection
- in the case of vaccines, the weakened version of a virus is injected into the body for the purpose of developing immunity through the formation of antibodies
- a technological advancement with the use of microorganisms
- in stem cell therapy, stem cells are replaced to cure disease
- gene utilized in the production of insulin is introduced into the microorganism and is injected into a person who has diabetes
- cells of microorganisms, especially prokaryotes serve as cell model for us to gain a better understanding of cells
- pathogenic vs. non-pathogenic
- a German botanist and German physiologist who proposed the Cell Theory in 1839
- Schleiden studied plants while Schwann studied animals, and in the process, they both noticed “tiny dots” in the middle of the cells that they observed under the microscope, which were later called as nuclei, and both concluded that it must be a important part to all life
- Cell Theory has three parts:
(1) all organisms are made of cells,
(2) cells are the basic units of life, and
(3) cells come from preexisting cells that have multiplied, as described by Rudolf Virchow in 1858, when he stated omnis cellula e cellula (all cells come from cells)
-
- proposed a Mechanistic Model (cells are little factories with different parts that have different functions; their functions make the parts add up into an organic whole)
- wrote the cell theory along with Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
- not a trained scientist and was only fascinated with placing lens on metal for observation
- the first one to see microorganisms and called them as “animalcules” since they resembled small animals
- credited as the co-founder of microbiology and the founder of modern zymology (science of fermentation)
- disproved abiogenesis through his milk experiment and introduced biogenesis
- in his milk experiment, wherein there were two containers of milk, one with no lid and the other covered, microorganisms only grew on the milk that was uncovered
- Pasteurization became accepted as form of preservation and is a process of exposing a certain liquid such as milk to prevent the growth of bacteria
- he gave birth to the concept of fermentation because according to him, grape with yeast can produce alcohol
- spontaneous generation
- people in the early ages assumed meat can give birth to microorganisms
- life from life
- a British surgeon who established the study of antisepsis
- applying Louis Pasteur's germ theory of fermentation on wound putrefaction, he advocated for hospital practices such as sterilization in surgery using carbolic acid (phenol) as an antiseptic
- his contributions are concerned with methods that can be utilized in the further study of microorganisms such as staining and culturing of bacteria
- questioned how microorganisms can cause disease and is one of the founders of bacteriology, particularly in relation to human health
- identified the 4 postulates for identifying diseases:
(1) the microorganism must always be present, in every case of the disease, (2) the germ must be able to be isolated from a host containing the disease and grown in a lab, in a “culture”,
(3) samples taken from the culture must cause the same disease when introduced into a healthy model animal like a mouse,
and (4) the germ must be isolated from that new animal, meaning it is the same organism that caused the disease in the original host
- proposed the petri dish to Koch for culturing of microorganisms
- introduced agar
- during the cholera outbreak that ravaged England in 1854, he convinced the Soho council to remove the well pump handle due to a personal belief that the germ known as Vibrio cholerae responsible for causing the disease was present in its water
- cholera cases gradually dropped after the well pump handle was removed but later, it was found out that the well did not directly cause cholera and the decrease in cases were a mere coincidence
- a German-American physiologist who began experiments on embryonic development (how organisms grow from single-celled embryos)
- introduced parthenogenesis through sea urchins (birth from self) and it was seen as an early form of bioengineering
- his notable students included the behavioral psychologists, Burrhus Frederic Skinner and John Broadus Watson, along Gregory Pincus, one of the creators of the birth control pill
- a theory that states that diseases were caused by foul-smelling airs that came from rotting meats, swamps, and other putrefying sources
