Chapter 4: Introduction to Authoring Technologies

Overview

Technological advancements have significantly improved the efficiency of written communication for both personal and professional use. Tools for writing have evolved dramatically from traditional typewriters to modern word processors, enhancing the ease with which individuals can compose written content. Importantly, these changes benefit not only sighted individuals but also accommodate those who are blind or visually impaired through specialized tools and software that enhance accessibility and usability.

Phases of Writing

The authoring process consists of two main phases:

1. Organizing Information and Communicating Thoughts: This phase involves gathering and structuring ideas logically to convey messages effectively. It may include brainstorming, outlining, and selecting the format for the content.

2. Revising and Editing the Written Material: This critical phase involves reviewing drafts for clarity, coherence, grammar, and punctuation. Both phases are essential for successful authoring, ensuring that the final product is well-structured and error-free.

Importance of Authoring Skills

Authoring proficiency is closely linked to a range of reading skills, particularly in the context of reviewing and editing written work. Effective authoring involves evaluating one's writing for improvements. Many modern tools designed for reading also assist in writing, reducing the need for multiple single-purpose tools.

Steps in the Authoring Process

1. Determine the Scope of the Task: Assess whether the writing is for personal use, academic purposes, or professional sharing.

2. Types of Writing Tasks: These include short notes, emails, reports, and more complex documents, each requiring different approaches.

3. Select Appropriate Media: Identify which sensory channels will be most effective for the writing task (e.g., tactile, visual, auditory).

Hardware and Software Considerations

Authoring Devices

Personal computing devices, such as desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones, are crucial in enhancing the authoring experience. Compatibility with operating systems should be considered when selecting devices and software.

Authoring Tools

• Low-tech tools: Notepads and pens may suffice for simple tasks.

• High-tech options: Advanced word processors and voice-to-text software are necessary for complex writing needs.

Key Technologies in Authoring

Hardware

• Keyboards: Proficient keyboarding skills are essential for efficient text entry. Assistive technology like word prediction tools can aid users who struggle with traditional typing.

• Touchscreen Devices: Useful for short tasks, but external keyboards may be required for longer content.

Software

• Word Processing Applications: Essential for creating, editing, and formatting documents, with features for screen reader compatibility.

• Assistive Tools: Word prediction software and grammar checkers can streamline writing processes.

Access Technologies for Blind and Low Vision Users

Low-Tech Solutions

Tools like slates and styluses are useful for short braille writing tasks, while writing by hand remains a critical skill.

Electronic Braille Writers

Devices such as the Perkins Smart Brailler facilitate easy input and review in braille and print output.

Authoring Math and Scientific Notation

Accessibility for math and scientific writing necessitates specific tools and methods, including the use of screen readers and specialized math editing tools like MathType.

Coding and Online Authoring

• Coding as Authoring: Proficiency in coding languages is essential for developing digital literacy. Accessible Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) allow blind users to code effectively.

Best Practices in Teaching Writing Tools

The focus should be on ensuring accessibility in all tools used, providing tailored support based on individual writing and reading preferences.

Writing Tasks with Assistive Technology

Overview

Assistive technology plays a crucial role in enabling individuals with visual impairments or learning disabilities to perform writing tasks efficiently.

Direct Connections to Printing Devices

Many assistive devices can connect to printers or embossers to create documents in print or braille formats. Electronic notetakers can also function as Refreshable Braille Displays (RBDs) when linked to computers.

Importance of Computer Skills

Proficiency in computer and keyboard skills remains essential for educational and workplace integration.

Alternative Braille Keyboards

RBDs and electronic notetakers enable connection to computers for braille input. The Power Chord Braille Keyboard offers an affordable solution with user-friendly features.

Aural Authoring Tools

Low Tech

• Human Scribes: Can assist in note-taking when efficient keyboarding skills are lacking.

High Tech

• Audio Recordings: Capture voice for reminders and can be transcribed later.

• Speech Recognition: Converts spoken words to digital text, useful for students with disabilities.

Note-Taking Tools

Effective note-taking requires specific tools to document information systematically.

Annotating Written Texts and Notes

Accessible note-taking systems must support auditory and tactile access with user-friendly interfaces.

Accessing a Copy of Notes

Collaboration with peers for note-taking can enhance access to information.

Recorded Notes

Recording lectures as an accommodation under IEPs is beneficial, with a focus on clear audio quality.

Accessing "The Board"

Challenges exist in accessing information on boards in classrooms, with preferential seating as one potential solution.

Screen Sharing and Video Magnification

Screen sharing can enhance access to information, while video magnification allows for viewing presentations from a distance.

Summary

The range of technology available for writing and note-taking tasks is vast and tailored to suit individual needs. Familiarity with various tools is essential for achieving optimal efficiency in academic and professional environments.

Conclusion

The development of authoring tools designed specifically for individuals with visual impairments is vital for improving literacy and communication skills. Continuous adaptation, thorough assessment of accessibility, and training in these tools can lead to enhanced outcomes in written communication.