exit exam

1)      Know different research designs – longitudinal, cross-sectional, repeated measures, experimental, correlational, etc..

Qualitative,- case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology,ethnography

Quantitative-descriptive, correlational, expereimental, quasi-experiemental,

Cross-sectional, longitudinal repeated measures, mixed methods, factorial designs,

2) Know the variables in the experimental design (IV, DV, Control Group).
Control group – does not receive treatment, one level of IV
DV – variable potentially impacted by the IV
IV – potential influencing variable on the DV
3) What are confidence intervals?
A range of values in which an unknown population parameter value falls
4) Be able to calculate a basic z-score.
Z score represents the number of standard deviations away from the mean a value lies. To
calculate it you need the mean, the observation, and the standard deviation of the distribution
from which the mean came.
5) What is the most commonly used measure of central tendency?
Mean
6) What is the most important characteristic of the scientific method?
Replication
7) Be able to interpret correlational values.
Positive correlation indicates that variables increase or decrease together, negative indicates
that as one variable increases the other decreases
8) What is Type I error? Type II error?
Type 1 error is falsely rejecting the null hypothesis, likelihood is equal to alpha
Type 2 error is failing to reject the null hypothesis when it should be rejected
9) Know sampling and population.
Statistics tell us info about populations, parameters tell us info about samples
10) Know T-test. Calculating degrees of freedom for a t-test based on sample size.
Degrees of freedom for independent samples t-test is n-2, with n being the sum of all
participants in both groups being compared.

1. What are neurons? (Sensory vs. Motor neurons)
Sensory neurons gather info from the environment, motor neurons carry info away
from the brain.
2. What are the myelin producing cells in the CNS? The PNS?
Oligodendrocytes produce myelin in the CNS, Schwann cells produce myelin in the
PNS
3. What are two types of hormones?
Steroids and proteins
4. What is an action potential/nerve impulse (depolarization, hyperpolarization, threshold of
excitement)? What is an EPSP? IPSP?
Threshold of excitation is the voltage level that triggers an action potential
5. Why is man considered more intelligent than other mammals?
The encephalization factor (man has a larger cerebral cortex than other mammals)
6. What is sensory transduction?
Receptor cell converts the energy of a stimulus into a change in the electrical
potential across its membrane
7. Difference between tonic and phasic receptors?
Tonic – responsible for a slow decrease in neuronal firing the longer a stimulus is
present
Phasic – responsible for a fast decrease ni neuronal firing the longer a stimulus is
present
8. Agonist vs. antagonist.
Agonist is a drug that binds to a receptor and activates it, antagonist is a drug that
binds to a receptor and keeps it from being activated
9. What areas of the brain are impacted by schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia can lead to ventricular enlargement which in turn decreases cortical
volume surrounding the ventricles

Why did some people consider behaviorism a "failure"?
It ignored important topics like memory and attention
21. What contributed to the shaping of modern cognitive psychology?
Computer science and other technological advances

22. "Mind" in the context of cognitive psychology is what?
The actions that occur within the brain
23. When the "real" and the perceived do not match it is called?
An illusory correlation
24. Attention is defined by cognitive psychologists as what?
The concentration of mental effort
25. Highly practiced activities become what according to cognitive psychology?
Automatic and requiring less attention
57. Define automaticity.
Fast, effortless processing that does not require focused attention
58. What happens when a person is exposed to a novel stimulus?
Physiological response is low until the meaning of the stimulus is determined
59. Know Gestalt psychology and their beliefs about pattern recognition.
Gestalt psychology is based on the perception of the whole pattern of stimuli
60. What is implicit memory?
It does not require conscious recall of experiences, is sometimes tested with word
fragments, and is associated with performance change