Untitled Flashcards Set

Flashcard #1
Term: Viruses vs Cells
Definition: Viruses are not considered living organisms; they do not have cellular structure and cannot reproduce on their own.

Flashcard #2
Term: Classifications
Definition: A system of grouping organisms based on shared characteristics.

Flashcard #3
Term: DNA Structure
Definition: DNA is composed of two strands forming a double helix, containing nucleotides made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Flashcard #4
Term: Biogeochemical Cycles
Definition: Cycles that describe the movement of chemical elements and compounds between living and non-living parts of the ecosystem.

Flashcard #5
Term: CER
Definition: Claim, Evidence, Reasoning - a framework for constructing scientific explanations.

Flashcard #6
Term: Structure of an Atom
Definition: Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus, while electrons orbit the nucleus.

Flashcard #7
Term: Six Key Elements of Life
Definition: Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur (CHNOPS).

Flashcard #8
Term: Ionic Bond
Definition: A chemical bond formed through the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Flashcard #9
Term: Covalent Bond
Definition: A chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

Flashcard #10
Term: Hydrogen Bond
Definition: A weak chemical bond between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom bound to another electronegative atom.

Flashcard #11
Term: Unique Properties of Water
Definition: Cohesion, adhesion, excellent solvent, high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, and less dense when frozen.

Flashcard #12
Term: Biological Implications of Water’s Polarity
Definition: Water's polarity allows it to form hydrogen bonds, which are essential for various biological processes such as protein folding, DNA structure, and enzyme function.

Flashcard #13
Term: Molecule vs Compound
Definition: A molecule is a group of atoms bonded together. A compound is a molecule made of atoms from different elements.

Flashcard #14
Term: Acidic Substances
Definition: Substances with a pH less than 7; they contain a higher concentration of hydrogen ions (H+H+).

Flashcard #15
Term: Neutral Substances
Definition: Substances with a pH of 7; they have an equal concentration of hydrogen (H+H+) and hydroxide (OH−OH−) ions.

Flashcard #16
Term: Basic Substances
Definition: Substances with a pH greater than 7; they contain a lower concentration of hydrogen ions (H+H+).

Flashcard #17
Term: Four Biological Molecules
Definition: Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

Flashcard #18
Term: Monomer of Carbohydrates
Definition: Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose).

Flashcard #19
Term: Monomer of Lipids
Definition: Fatty acids and glycerol.

Flashcard #20
Term: Monomer of Proteins
Definition: Amino acids.

Flashcard #21
Term: Monomer of Nucleic Acids
Definition: Nucleotides.

Flashcard #22
Term: Functions of Carbohydrates
Definition: Energy storage (e.g., starch, glycogen) and structural support (e.g., cellulose, chitin).

Flashcard #23
Term: Composition of Carbohydrates
Definition: Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (i.e., (CH2O)n(CH2O)n)

Flashcard #24
Term: Function of Lipids
Definition: Energy storage, insulation, and cell membrane structure.

Flashcard #25
Term: Composition of Lipids
Definition: Primarily carbon and hydrogen, with some oxygen.

Flashcard #26
Term: Function of Proteins
Definition: Enzymatic catalysis, structural support, transport, and defense.

Flashcard #27
Term: Composition of Proteins
Definition: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

Flashcard #28
Term: Function of Nucleic Acids
Definition: Storage and transmission of genetic information.

Flashcard #29
Term: Composition of Nucleic Acids
Definition: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

Flashcard #30
Term: Importance of Carbon in Organic Molecules
Definition: Carbon's ability to form stable bonds with other carbon atoms and a variety of other elements makes it ideal for forming the complex structures of organic molecules.

Flashcard #31
Term: Enzyme Function
Definition: Enzymes act as catalysts to speed up biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

Flashcard #32
Term: Enzyme Interactions
Definition: Enzymes bind to substrates at the active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex.

Flashcard #33
Term: Importance of Enzymes
Definition: Enzymes are essential for digestion, metabolism, and other biological processes.

Flashcard #34
Term: Hydrolysis
Definition: A decomposition chemical process in which a molecule of water is used to break the chemical bond between two substances.

Flashcard #35
Term: Dehydration Synthesis
Definition: A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.

Flashcard #36
Term: Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Function
Definition: Enzyme activity increases with temperature to an optimal point; beyond this, the enzyme denatures and activity decreases.

Flashcard #37
Term: Effect of Concentration on Enzyme Function
Definition: Increasing substrate concentration increases the rate of reaction until all enzyme active sites are saturated.

Flashcard #38
Term: Effect of pH on Enzyme Function
Definition: Enzymes have an optimal pH range; deviations from this range can alter enzyme shape and reduce activity.

Flashcard #39
Term: Catabolic vs Anabolic Reaction
Definition: Catabolic reactions break down complex molecules, releasing energy. Anabolic reactions build complex molecules, requiring energy.

Flashcard #40
Term: Enzyme Inhibition
Definition: A process in which a molecule inhibits the activities of enzymes. Competitive inhibition occurs when the inhibitor binds to the active site, preventing access for the normal substrate. Noncompetitive inhibition occurs when the inhibitor binds to a different site on the enzyme, altering its shape and reducing its activity.

Flashcard #41
Term: Metabolism and Enzyme Function
Definition: Enzymes catalyze metabolic reactions, and metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism.

Flashcard #42
Term: Enzyme Activity Outside Optimal Conditions
Definition: Outside optimal conditions, enzyme activity decreases, and enzymes may denature.

Flashcard #43
Term: Characteristics of Life
Definition: Organization, metabolism, homeostasis, growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, adaptation, and evolution.

Flashcard #44
Term: Ecological Organization
Definition: Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere.

Flashcard #45
Term: Energy Flow in an Ecosystem
Definition: Energy flows through an ecosystem from producers (autotrophs) to consumers (heterotrophs).

Flashcard #46
Term: Ecological Pyramids
Definition: Graphical representation of energy, biomass, or numbers in an ecosystem. Types include pyramid of energy, pyramid of biomass, and pyramid of numbers.

Flashcard #47
Term: 10% Rule
Definition: Only about 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next; the rest is lost as heat.

Flashcard #48
Term: Bioaccumulation
Definition: The accumulation of substances, such as pesticides, or other organic chemicals in an organism. Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a substance at a rate faster than that at which the substance is lost by catabolism and excretion.

Flashcard #49
Term: Biomagnification
Definition: The concentration of toxins in an organism as a result of its ingesting other plants or animals in which the toxins are more widely disbursed.

Flashcard #50
Term: Abiotic Components
Definition: Non-living chemical and physical parts of the environment that affect living organisms and the functioning of ecosystems.

Flashcard #51
Term: Biotic Components
Definition: Living or once-living organisms in an ecosystem.

Flashcard #52
Term: Keystone Species
Definition: A species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically.

Flashcard #53
Term: Trophic Cascades
Definition: Ecological process which starts at the top of the food chain and tumbles all the way down to the bottom.

Flashcard #54
Term: Symbiosis
Definition: Interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both. Types include parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.

Flashcard #55
Term: Parasitism
Definition: A relationship between two species in which one organism (parasite) benefits and the other (host) is harmed.

Flashcard #56
Term: Commensalism
Definition: A relationship between two species in which one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped.

Flashcard #57
Term: Mutualism
Definition: A relationship between two species in which both organisms benefit.

Flashcard #58
Term: Intraspecific Competition
Definition: Competition between individuals of the same species.

Flashcard #59
Term: Interspecific Competition
Definition: Competition between individuals of different species.

Flashcard #60
Term: Habitat vs Niche
Definition: A habitat is the place where an organism lives; a niche is the role an organism plays in its environment.

Flashcard #61
Term: Parasitism vs Predation
Definition: Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed, while predation is when one organism kills and eats another.

Flashcard #62
Term: Camouflage
Definition: Adaptation that allows animals to blend in with certain backgrounds.

Flashcard #63
Term: Mimicry
Definition: The close external resemblance of an animal or plant (or part of one) to another animal, plant, or inanimate object.

Flashcard #64
Term: Batesian Mimicry
Definition: Mimicry in which an edible animal is protected by its resemblance to a noxious one that is avoided by predators.

Flashcard #65
Term: Mullerian Mimicry
Definition: A form of mimicry in which two or more noxious animals develop similar appearances as a shared protective device, the theory being that if a predator learns to avoid one of the noxious species, it will avoid the mimic species as well.

Flashcard #66
Term: Logistic Growth
Definition: Population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity.

Flashcard #67
Term: Exponential Growth
Definition: Population growth that occurs when resources are unlimited.

Flashcard #68
Term: Carrying Capacity
Definition: The maximum population size of a biological species in a given environment, given the food, habitat, water, and other necessities available.

Flashcard #69
Term: Population Density
Definition: The number of individuals per unit area or volume.

Flashcard #70
Term: Limiting Factors
Definition: Factors that limit the growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism or a population of organisms in an ecosystem.

Flashcard #71
Term: Density-Dependent Limiting Factors
Definition: Factors that affect population growth based on population density (e.g., competition, predation, disease).

Flashcard #72
Term: Density-Independent Limiting Factors
Definition: Factors that affect population growth regardless of population density (e.g., natural disasters, weather).

Flashcard #73
Term: Dynamic Equilibrium
Definition: Condition of continuous, random movement of particles but no overall change in concentration of materials.

Flashcard #74
Term: K Reproductive Strategy
Definition: Organisms reproduce late in life; few offspring; care for offspring.

Flashcard #75
Term: R Reproductive Strategies
Definition: Organisms reproduce early in life; many small offspring; little parental care.

Flashcard #76
Term: Autotrophs Role in Carbon Cycle
Definition: Absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and convert it into biomass.

Flashcard #77
Term: Carbon Reservoirs
Definition: Atmosphere, oceans, soil, fossil fuels, and biomass.

Flashcard #78
Term: Carbon Fluxes
Definition: Photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and combustion.

Flashcard #79
Term: Global Warming
Definition: A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants.

Flashcard #80
Term: Nitrogen Cycle
Definition: The series of processes by which nitrogen and its compounds are interconverted in the environment and in living organisms, including nitrogen fixation and decomposition.

Flashcard #81
Term: Phosphorus Cycle
Definition: The biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

Flashcard #82
Term: Invasive Species
Definition: A plant, fungus, or animal that is not native to a specific location (an introduced species), and which has a tendency to spread to a degree believed to cause damage to the environment, human economy or human health.

Flashcard #83
Term: HIPPCO
Definition: Habitat Destruction, Invasive Species, Population Growth, Pollution, Climate Change, and Overexploitation.

Flashcard #84
Term: Tragedy of the Commons
Definition: An economic problem in which every individual tries to reap the greatest benefit from a given resource. As more and more individuals try to reap the benefits of common resources, it gets depleted and ultimately everyone suffers.

Flashcard #85
Term: Demographic Transition Model
Definition: Transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.

Flashcard #86
Term: Age Structure Diagram
Definition: A visual representation of the number of individuals within specific age groups for a country, typically expressed for males and females; it can be used to predict population growth.

Flashcard #87
Term: Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
Definition: Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Flashcard #88
Term: Animal Cell vs Plant Cell
Definition: Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts, while animal cells do not.

Flashcard #89
Term: Parts of Cell Theory
Definition: All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Flashcard #90
Term: Cell Organelle Functon
Definition: Cell structures that perform specific functions within a cell.

Flashcard #91
Term: Lytic Cycle
Definition: Results in the destruction of the infected cell and its membrane.

Flashcard #92
Term: Lysogenic Cycle
Definition: A viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell's DNA and is copied along with the host cell's DNA

Flashcard #93
Term: Cell Membrane
Definition: The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.

Flashcard #94
Term: Active Transport
Definition: The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.

Flashcard #95
Term: Passive Transport
Definition: A type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes.

Flashcard #96
Term: Osmosis
Definition: A process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.

Flashcard #97
Term: Hypotonic
Definition: Having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid.

Flashcard #98
Term: Hypertonic
Definition: Having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid.

Flashcard #99
Term: Isotonic
Definition: Having the same osmotic pressure as some other solution, particularly one in a cell or a body fluid.

Flashcard #100
Term: Dehydration
Definition: A condition caused by the excessive loss of water from the body, which causes a rise in blood sodium levels.

Flashcard #101
Term: Hyponatremia
Definition: A condition that occurs when the concentration of sodium in your blood is abnormally low.

Flashcard #102
Term: Photosynthesis Equation
Definition: 6CO2+6H2O+LightEnergy→C6H12O6+6O26CO2+6H2O+LightEnergy→C6H12O6+6O2

Flashcard #103
Term: Wavelengths of Light and Photosynthesis
Definition: Most useful wavelengths of light to green plants are blue and red. Green light is reflected.

Flashcard #104
Term: C3 Plants
Definition: Plants that fix carbon dioxide directly from the air and are most efficient in moderate climates.

Flashcard #105
Term: C4 Plants
Definition: Plants that have structural modifications to minimize water loss and continue photosynthesizing even when it's hot and dry.

Flashcard #106
Term: CAM Plants
Definition: Plants that open their stomata at night to reduce water loss.

Flashcard #107
Term: Cellular Respiration Equation
Definition: C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+ATPC6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+ATP

Flashcard #108
Term: Aerobic Respiration
Definition: The process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen. Cells break down food in the mitochondria in a long, multistep process that produces roughly 36 ATP.

Flashcard #109
Term: Anaerobic Respiration
Definition: A type of respiration that does not use oxygen. Instead is uses nitrate or sulphate.

Flashcard #110
Term: Chargaff’s Rule
Definition: States that DNA from any cell of all organisms should have a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio of pyrimidine and purine bases. More specifically, that the amount of guanine should be equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine should be equal to thymine.

Flashcard #111
Term: Semiconservative Replication
Definition: The production of two copies of DNA, half the DNA is from the original strand, and half is new.

Flashcard #112
Term: Mutations
Definition: The changing structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.

Flashcard #113
Term: Missense Mutation
Definition: Point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.

Flashcard #114
Term: Nonsense Mutation
Definition: A mutation in which a sense codon that corresponds to one of the twenty amino acids specified by the genetic code is changed to a chain-terminating codon.

Flashcard #115
Term: Silent Mutation
Definition: Mutations that results in the same amino acid being coded, and thus there is no change in the phenotype.

Flashcard #116
Term: Chromosomal Mutation
Definition: Any event that results in a change in nucleotide base sequence in DNA.

Flashcard #117
Term: Mendel’s Principles
Definition: An organism carries two copies of each gene, organisms inherit one allele for each gene from each parent, the two genes separate during the formation of gametes, some alleles are dominant while others are recessive.

Flashcard #118
Term: Non-Mendelian Inheritance
Definition: Any pattern of inheritance in which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendel's laws.

Flashcard #119
Term: Sex-linked Inheritance
Definition: A trait associated with a gene that is carried only by the male or female parent.

Flashcard #120
Term: Dichotomous Key
Definition: Identification key that presents two choices based on obvious features of the organism.

Flashcard #121
Term: Early Earth Conditions
Definition: Early earth consisted of little to no oxygen, bombardment by meteors, and volcanic activity.

Flashcard #122
Term: Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Definition: A process in which organisms with traits better suited to an environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than organisms with less suitable traits.

Flashcard #123
Term: Sexual Selection
Definition: A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.

Flashcard #124
Term: Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Definition: States that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences. These influences include: non-random mating, mutation, selection, genetic drift, gene flow.

Flashcard #125
Term: Allopatric Speciation
Definition: Occurs when biological populations of the same species become vicariant, or isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with gene flow.

Flashcard #126
Term: Sympatric Speciation
Definition: The evolution of a new species from a surviving ancestral species while both continue to inhabit the same geographic region.