Medical Microbiology - Finals -

BACTERIA

Gram Positive Cocci

Catalase Positive

Staphylococcus aureus 

5th implicated nosocomial infection; present in acne, boils, pimples, furuncles & carbuncles; TSS & Septic shock among menstruating women; Impetigo; Food poisoning 

Staphylococcus epidermidis 

Normal microflora of the skin; stitch abcess

Catalase Negative

Streptococcus mutans

Viridans group; Implicated with tooth cavity; tooth decay; dental plaque; implicated with peridontitis

Streptococcus pyogenes

Lancefield Group A; Causes the ff: tonsilitis; post streptocoglumeronephritis; rheumatic fever

Streptococcus pneumoniae 

No Lancefield group; Lobar pneumonia

Streptococcus agalactiae 

Lancefield Group B; Mastitis in bovine species

Streptococcus gallolyticus

Lancefield group D; Formerly known as S. bovis; Cannot tolerate bile thus subjected to bile esculin test; causes the ff: colonic adenomas or carcinomas & endocarditis

Streptococcus viridans 

Viridans group; they are often associated with dental caries, endocarditis, and abscesses, that is alpha hemolytic

Streptococcus canis 

Lancefield C; found in dogs

Streptococcus anginosus 

Viridans Group; causes endocarditis, bacteremia, meningitis, localized infection, & abcesses

Streptococcus mitis 

Commensal of the oral cavity 

Streptococcus sanguis

Lancefield 

Lactococcus lactis

Lancefield N 

Enterococcus faecalis 

Lancefield D; most common commensal of the intestine 

Enterococcus faecium 

Lancefield Group D; common commensal of the intestine 

Gram Negative Cocci

Moraxella catarrhalis

Diplococcus causing otitis media in children; sinusitis; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); laryngitis common among adults 

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Gonorrhea

Neisseria meningitidis 

Meningitis

Gram Positive Bacilli

Bacillus anthracis 

Biological terrorism agent

      -Pulmonary

Anthracis caused by inhalation of aerosolized spores.

      -Cutaneous

Black eschar; anthracis caused by occupational or by the handling of infected animals or laboratory materials.

      -Gastrointestinal

Abdominal anthrax due to ingestion of undercooked meat from animals infected with B. anthracis.

Oro-oesophageal anthrax

Bacillus cereus

Food poisoning; Produces enterotoxin 

Corynebacterium diptheriae

Diphtheria

Corynebacterium jeikeium 

Bacteremia

Corynebacterium urealyticum 

Encrusted cystitis and pyelitis

Listeria monocytogenes 

Listeriosis; food borne gastroenterotitis

Bacillus subtilis 

Common laboratory contaminant; Produces antibiotic substance – bacitracin

Clostridium botulinum 

Botulism

Clostridium difficile 

Pseudomembranous colitis

Clostridium tetani 

Tetanus; locked jaw; risus sardonicus

Clostridium perfringes 

Gas gangrene

Mycobacterium abscessus

Environmental mycobacteria found in water, soil and dust; contaminates medications and products 

Mycobacterium avium

An obligate intracellular mycobacteria forming the MAC complex

Mycobacterium intracellulare

An obligate intracellular mycobacteria forming the MAI complex

Mycobacterium leprae

Causative agent of leprosy; Hansen’s bacillus

Mycobacterium tuberculosis 

Causative agent of tuberculosis; Koch’s bacillus

Nocardia asteroides 

Infrequent cause of infections

Gram Negative Bacilli

Escherichia coli

Urinary tract infection

• E.coli-K12

Normal microflora; virgin E.coli

• E.coli O157:H7 (STEC)

Pathogenic strain of E. coli

Shiga-toxin producing E. coli

• Enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC)

Traveler's Diarrhea

• Enterpathogenic E.coli (EPEC)

Cause of diarrhea in infants

• Enterohemorhagic E.coli (EHEC)

related to hemolytic uremic syndrome

• Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)

Similar to shigellosis

Klebsiella pneumoniae 

Proteus mirabilis 

UTI;bacteremia

Proteus vulgaris 

UTI

Salmonella typhi 

agent of the typhoid fever — accompanied by stomach aches and fever

Salmonella paratyphi 

Serratia marcescens 

Prodigiosin(red pigment) production; causes pneumonia; bacteremia; and endocarditis

Shigella dysenteriae

Bacillary dysentery

Yersenia pestis 

Causes pandemic “black death”; pneumonic plague

Fermentive

Vibrio parahaemolyticus 

Seafood poisoning

Vibrio cholerae 

Cause rice watery stool – cholera

Vibrio vulnificus

Pasteurella multocida 

Hemorrhagic septicemia

Non-fermentative 

Pseudomonas aeruginosa 

1st nosocomial opportunistic opportunistic bacteria that infects most immunocompromised patients

Pseudomonas flourescens 

Other Gram-Negative Bacilli & Coccobacilli 

Bordetella pertusis 

Whooping cough

Brucella abortus 

Undulant fever/ Malta fever; Bang’s bacillus

Campylobacter jejuni 

Gastroenteritis

Chlamydia trachomatis 

Most common STD; complications include reactive arthritis; pelvic inflammatory disease (PID); Ectopic pregnancy  

Chlamydia psittaci 

Parrot fever; omithosis; rose spots due to bacterial emboil

Haemophilus aegypticus 

Pink eye; conjunctivitist; brazilian purpuric fever 

Haemophilus ducreyi 

Chancroid (Soft chancre)

Haemophilus influenzae 

Major cause of meningitis in neonates; requires X and V factors

Haemophilus aphrophilus

Low pathogenicity Haemophilus spp.

Haemopilus parainfluenzae 

Low pathogenicity; endocarditis; meningitis; recognized as rare causative agent of nongonococcal urethritis

Helicobacter pylori 

Peptic ulcers

Kingella kingae 

Caused endocarditis in prosthetic valves; frequen colonizer of children’s throat.

Legionella pneumophila

Water-borne diplococci that is comparable to the gram positive diplococci; transmission id originally linked with aerosols from evaporative cooling devices 

Mycoplasma 

Mycoplasma hominis 

Cause pleuropneumonia/ mild pneumonia

Mycoplasma pneumoniae 

Walking pneumonia/ atypical pneumonia

Ureaplasma urealyticum

Similar to mycoplasma and the causative agent of pelvic inflammatory disease 

Rickettsia & Related Organisms 

Rickettsia prowazeki 

Epidemic typhus 

Rickettsia typhi 

Rat typhus; Murine typhus; Endemic typhus   

Rickettsia rickettsi 

Rocky mountain spotted fever causing fever, hypotension, dessiminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), & spotted rash

Rickettsia japonica 

Recrudescent typhus 

Rickettsia akari 

Recurring typus 

Rickettsia tsutsugamishi

Scrub typhus

Spiral Organisms

Borrelia burgdorferi 

Lyme disease

Borrelia recurrentis 

Tick-borne causative agent of epidemic recurring fever 

Leptospira interrogans 

The causative agent of leptospirosis; Weil’s disease

Leptospira biflexa

Causative agent of saprophyte

Treponema pallidum 

Agent of syphilis

FUNGI

Causative agent

Disease(s)

Subcutaneous

      Trichophyton rubrum - focus ka na lng dito kahit additional info n lng spp nito pero ttaype ko parin 

Skin Disease: Tinea corporis (ring worm)

Nail disease: Onchomycosis

    Trichophyton mentagrophytes

Nail disease: Onchomycosis

    Trichohyton tonsurans

Nail disease: Onchomycosis

      Epidermophyton floccosum

Foot disease: Athlete’s foot

Nail disease: Onchomycosis 

      Hortaea werneckii

Tinea nigra

    Trichosporon spp.

White piedra

    Piedraia hortae

Black piedra

  Cutaneous – METC

    Microsporum spp.

Dermatophytosis

    Epidermophyton floccosum

Dermatophytosis

    Trichophyton spp.

Dermatophytosis

    Candida albicans and spp. 

Candidiasis

  Subcutaneous – SPasM

      Sporothrix schenckii

Sporotrichosis - chronic granulomatous infection

      Pseudallescheria boydii

Mycetoma

      Madurella mycetomatis

Mycetoma

      Phialophora verrucosa

Chromoblastomycosis

      Fonsecaea pedrosoi

Chromoblastomycosis

      Exophiala

Phaeohyphomycosis

      Bipolaris

Phaeohyphomycosis

      Exserohilum

Phaeohyphomycosis

  Systemic (endemic) — CHPB

    Coccidioides immitis

Valley fever

Coccidioidomycosis

    Histoplasma capsulatum

Histoplasmosis

    Blastomyces dermatitides

Blastomycosis

    Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 

           “Mariner’s wheel”

Paracoccidioidomycosis

  Opportunistic – CCCAMP

    Candida albicans 

Candidiasis

    Cryptococcus neoformans 

Cryptococcosis

    Cryptococcus ganttii

Cryptococcosis

    Aspergillus fumigatus and spp.

Aspergillosis

    Mucor

    Penicillium

Penicilliosis

Virus

Agent

Disease

Baltimore 

Parvoviruses (B19)

Erythema Infectiosum - cutaneous rash and arthralgia-arthritis (child and adult)

Transient aplastic crisis - severe acute anemia 

Hydrops fetalis - fatal anemia

Pure red cell aplasia - chronic anemia

ssDNA

Adenoviruses

Most common agent of viral pink eye

Swimming pool conjunctivitis

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis

Shipard’s eye - caused by type 8 

dsDNA

Herpesviridae (Herpesviruses)

Type 1 - oropharyngeal lesions, fever blisters, leading cause of sporadic encephalities

Type 2 - genital herpes

Both - sever neonatal infection

dsDNA

Herpes B virus

from macaque monkeys causing fatal neurological disease

Human herpesvirus (HH)

Major Target - T lymphocyte

Type 6 - roseola infantum ( T lymphocyte infection) or exanthem subitum

Type 8 - Kaposi sarcoma (vascular tumor in AIDS patients)

Human simplex virus (HS)

Type 1 - oropharyngeal lesions, fever blisters, leading cause of sporadic encephalities

Type 2 - genital herpes

Both - sever neonatal infection (herpes), meningitis/encephalitis, traumatic herpes (from abrasions), herpetic whitlow (from dentist fingers), herpes gladiatorum (from wrestlers bodies)

Epstein Barr virus 

Major Target - B lymphocyte

Infectious mononucleosis

human lymphoproliferative disorders

Cytomegalovirus

Disseminated cytomegalic inclusion (neonates)

Congenital defects (hearing loss and mental retardation) 

Varicella-zoster virus

• Varicella (Chicken pox)

• Herpes zoster (shingles)

Primary infection - Chicken pox, severe pneumonia

Re-infection - shingles

Infectious mononucleosis 

Poxviruses

Progression of disease: Macules, papules, vesicles to pustules 

Smallpox (generally eradicated)

Complex dsDNA

Hepatitis viruses

Additional well-characterized viruses that can cause sporadic hepatitis, such as yellow fever virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus, rubella virus, and the enteroviruses, are discussed in other chapters.

Hepatitis A or Hepatovirus (Picornaviridae)

infectious hepatitis

MOT: Fecal-Oral 

icosahedral ssRNA

Hepatitis B or Orthohepadnavirus (Hepadnaviridae)

serum hepatitis

MOT: Parenteral 

spherical dsDNA

Hepatitis C or Hepacivirus (Flaviviridae)

common cause of posttransfusion hepatitis

MOT: Parenteral

spherical ssRNA

Hepatitis D or Deltavirus (unclassified)

dependent on coinfection with HBV

MOT: Parenteral 

spherical ssRNA

Hepatitis E or Hepevirus (Hepeviridae)

enterically transmitted hepatitis

MOT: Fecal-Oral 

icosahedral ssRNA

Picornaviruses: Enteroviruses and Rhinoviruses 

Fecal Oral

Icosahedral +sense ssRNA

Polioviruses

Poliomyelitis

Nonparalytic Poliomyelitis (Aseptic Meningitis)

Fecal Oral

Coxsackieviruses

Herpangina

Pleurodynia (also known as epidemic myalgia) 

Fecal Oral

Rhinoviruses

Common cold viruses

Mild respiratory illness

Infectious droplets and surface

Reoviruses

Not known to cause human disease

Icosahedral dsRNA

Rotaviruses

human infantile diarrhea

Caliciviruses 

viral gastroenteritis

Icosahedral +sense ssRNA

Norovirus (Norwalk virus)

*Notable member of Caliciviridae

epidemic viral gastroenteritis

Arthropod Borne (Arboviruses -AB) and Rodent Borne (RB) - Hemorrhagic Viruses

Arenavirus (RB)

Hemorrhagic fever

Spherical -sense ssRNA

Bunyavirus 

• Orthobunyavirus (AB)

• Nairovirus (AB)

• Phlebovirus (AB)

• Hantavirus (RB)

Phlebovirus (Bunya-Encephelitis virus)

• Rift valley fever virus (mosquito borne)

• Phlebotomus fever (sandfly borne)

Hantavirus - Hemorrhagic fever with Renal syndrome

Spherical -sense ssRNA

Flavivirus (Yellow fever virus)

West nile fever  (Culex, Aedes, Anopheles)

Yellow fever virus

Dengue (breakbone fever)

Spherical +sense, ssRNA

Filovirus (Ebola virus)

Highest mortality of all viral hemorrhagic fevers (internal and external bleeding)

Long filamentous rod -sense ssRNA

Togavirus (Alphavirus)

Equine encephalitis (Aedes, Culex)

Spherical +sense ssRNA

Orthomyxovirus (Influenzavirus)

A - high antigenic changes (animal strain) *cause otitis media in neonates

B - moderate antigenic change (human strain)

C - antigenically stable (human and swine)

• Classic influenza (high fever)

• Febrile seizures

• Pneumonia (secondary bacterial infection)

Spherical -sense ssRNA

Paramyxoviridae

Major respiratory pathogens of children and infants

Spherical -sense ssRNA

Parainfluenza

Major cause of lower respiratory tract disease in children

Mumps Virus

acute contagious disease characterized by nonsuppurative enlargement of one or both salivary glands

Rubeola (Measles)

fever, respiratory symptoms, and a maculopapular rash. 

Rubella (German Measles)

acute febrile illness characterized by a rash and lymphadenopathy

Coronaviruses

Colds, shortness of breath, respiratory distress

Respiratory droplets Spherical +sense ssRNA

Rhabdovirus

increased salivation and perspiration, hydrophobia or aerophobia 

Animal bite Rod -sense ssRNA 

DNA Tumor Viruses

Papilloma-

Polyoma-

Adeno-

Herpes-

Hepadna-

Poxvirus

RNA Tumor Viruses

Retroviruses

Spherical +ssRNA with Reverse Transcriptase

Polyomaviruses

Kidney and lymphoid infection 

Asymptomatic in immunocompetent

Icosahedral dsDNA

Papillomaviruses

Formation of cancerous warts 

Icosahedral dsDNA

Protozoans

Intestinal Flagellates

Giardia lamblia

giardiasis

Present: cyst and trophozoite

Chilomastrix mesnili

Entamoeba histolytica

Amoebic dysentery; tissue ameba

Present: cyst and trophozoite

Cryptosporidium hominis

intractable diarrhea

Present: cyst and trophozoite

Extraintestinal flagellates

Trichomonas tenax

commensal in oral cavity

Trichomonas vaginalis

trichomoniasis

Trichomonas hominis

Hemoflagellates – blood

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

West african sleeping sickness

Aka gambian/ chronic sleeping sickness

Trypoastigotes in human

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

East african sleeping sickness

Aka rhodesian/ acute sleeping sickness

Trypanosoma brucei cruzi

Chagas disease

Leishmania infantum

Leishmaniasis

Ciliates

Entamoeba coli