Content Quiz #4 Chapter 24 The Freedom Movement pages 954-964 and Chapter 25 The Civil Rights Revolution pages 972-975

1. De facto/De jure segregation

1. De Facto —---> segregation by law 

         Ex.  Jim Crow laws that relegated Black Americans to separate facilities

De Jure —---> segregation by fact —by choice, custom or as a result of social or economic factors

        Ex.   China town, Little Italy 

2. LUCAC/Mendez v. Westminster

   a. LUCAC (League of United Latin American Citizens) - the equivalent of the NAACP, challenged restrictive housing, employment discrimination, and the segregation of Latin students 

   b. Mendez v. Westminster -  a federal court ordered the schools of Orange county desegregated. Results in the state legislator repealing all school laws requiring racial segregation. 

3. Emmitt Till

   1. A case that help motivate the Civil Rights Movement

   2. Emmitt Till -> a 14 year African American boy from Chicago, when he went to a convenience store, he talked with a white woman

      1. The woman had told her family about it

      2. Emmitt Till 

         1. Was murdered, brutally and his body was found in the river

         2. His mother wanted his funeral to be a open casket funeral to show the world about the atrocities the black people in the South was facing

            1. NAACP helped  with this and broadcasted it through Jet

            2. There was also a court case however, the two suspects were “found” not guilty

               1. However, later when they were interviewed by being paid

                  1. They revealed how the boy looked like he trusted them and had no fear 

         3. lynchings -> happened because of the stigma that all black men are sexual predators

4. Brown vs. Board of Ed – (class action case, listed alphabetically and first case gives the decision of its name)sz

1. —- Oliver Brown went to court since his daughter was forced to cross a dangerous railroad crossing every day instead of attending a school nearby that was restricted to white people. 

2. Declared that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.  outlawed school segregation. 

5. Montgomery Bus Boycott/Rosa Parks

   1. Rosa Parks’s arrest -> sparked the boycott

1. Montgomery Bus Boycott – the beginning phase of a massive civil rights movement in the South. 

6. Martin Luther King, Jr.

   1. Chosen to be the leader of the Civil Rights movement, he was a 26 year old minister

      1. Took values from Gandhi’s non-violent protests

7. Southern Christian Leadership Conference -SCLC

1. Formed by Martin Luther King Jr. in 1956. A coalition of black ministers and civil rights activists, to press for segregation. 

8. Southern Manifesto 

1. Denounced the Brown decision as a “clear abuse of judicial power,” and called for a resistance to the integration (96 out of 106 southern congressmen excluding Lyndon B. Johnson and Estes Kefauver signed it)

2. States passed laws to block desegregation. Virginia did not, closing schools that offered funds for only white students to attend private institutions, not for people of color. 

3. Other states adopted the freedom of choice for white students, allowing white students to opt out of integrated schools.  

9. The Civil Rights Act 1957

1. The first civil rights law since Reconstruction. Targeted the denial of black voting rights in the South, but with weak enforcement provisions. 

2. Eisenhower told the American people to abide by the law, since he disagreed with the Supreme Court’s reasoning. 

10. Little Rock 9/Little Rock school crisis

    1. After Brown vs. Education -> allowed integration of black students in white students 

    2. Little Rock Central highschool was chosen to be integrated however, Faubus secured the school on the day of integration with National Arkansas guards resisting desegregation

    3. However, Eisenhower one day met up with Faubus saying that they needed to integrate, thus, Faubus took down the guards in listening to him

    4. Airbourne and land military were sent to protect the nine black students

    5. These students still faced racism in school, and they even had to have a guard with them everywhere they go, although, bathrooms and outside for gym were prohibited to safely secure them

11. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee- SNCC - 

1. dedicated to replacing the culture of segregation with a beloved community of racial justice and to empowering ordinary black people to take control of the decisions that affected their lives.

2. Nonviolent protests by walking and dining in restaurants that served for white people. 

12. Freedom Rides 

1. launched by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), it integrated groups traveled by bus into the deep South to test compliance with court orders banning segregation on interstate buses, trains and in terminal facilities. Violent mobs assaulted them. 

13. Greensboro 4 

    1. February 1st, 1960, four students from a black college in Greensboro entered the local Woolworth department store. They sat in an area reserved for whites, and were told that they could not be served. They stayed in the store until it closed. They came back the next morning and the next to protest. After they resisted for five months, Woolworths in July agreed to serve black customers at its lunch counters.  

14. Sit-ins 

1. Reflected by mounting frustration at the slow pace of racial change, sit-ins sparked a demand for integration in parks, pools, restaurants, bowling alleys, etc. at the end of 1960, 70,000 demonstrators took part in the sit-ins. The protestors were nonviolent, and the Greensboro 4 were arrested. Tactic Adopted by Young civil rights activists, beginning in 1960, of demanding service at lunch counters for public accommodations and refusing to leave if denied access. Marked the beginning of the most militant phase of the Civil Rights struggle.

15. Birmingham campaign - 

    1. In April  1963, Martin Luther King and the SCLC joined with the local Alabama Christian movement for Human Rights, to create a direct action campaign against the city hall’s segregation system

       1. They specifically they did by putting pressure on Birmingham’s merchants during the Easter season which is the main shopping season

          1. Birmingham’s manifesto -> “ a moral witness to give our community a chance to survive”

          2. Many mass meetings, sit-ins, marches around city hall, and a boycott of downtown merchants were ways this campaign operated

       2. King spoke to black citizens about the philosophy of nonviolence and its methods, and extended appeals for volunteers at the end of the mass meetings. With the number of volunteers increasing daily, actions soon expanded to kneel-ins at churches, sit-ins at the library, and a march on the county building to register voters. Hundreds were arrested.

       3. Plans to continue to submit to arrest were threatened, however, because the money available for cash bonds was depleted, so leaders could no longer guarantee that arrested protesters would be released. King contemplated whether he and Ralph Abernathy should be arrested. Given the lack of bail funds, King’s services as a fundraiser were desperately needed, but King also worried that his failure to submit to arrests might undermine his credibility. King concluded that he must risk going to jail in Birmingham.

16. Letter from a Birmingham Jail 

1. Martin Luther King Jr. responded to the clergymen who claimed him to be a troll by relating to the litany of abuses faced by black southerners, from police brutality to the daily humiliation of having to explain to their children why they could not enter amusement parks or public swimming pools. The white moderate must put aside fear of disorder and commit himself to racial justice. 

17. March on Washington

1. Considered one of the high points of the nonviolent civil rights movement. A. Philip Randoph (a black unionist who wanted a mass march since 1941) organized a coalition of civil rights, labor, and church organizations. The goal for the march was to include a public-works program to reduce unemployment,  increase the minimum wage, and pass a law that would bar discrimination in employment. 

2. Demonstrated a degree of cooperation between white and black people in support of racial and economic justice. Both had wanted jobs and freedom.

3. John Lewis had to rewrite his speech since it had blamed the Kennedy administration for his Civil Rights Bill. More action needed to be taken. The organizers from the SCLC told him to tone down his speech.  

Bayard Rustin

1. American political activist and leader, influential organizer in the Civil Rights Movement. One of Martin Luther King Jr.’s closest advisors, was active in CORE and helped create the SCLC. 

2. He was arrested and outed for advocating for a moral cause. Became completely open about his sexuality and did not want it to deter the effects of the Movement. 

18. I Have a Dream speech

    1. On August 28, 1963, around 250,000 people came to march to the Lincoln memorial in Washington where they heard MLK give a speech

       1. His I Have a Dream was important because it expressed the demands in what the Civil Rights movement wanted

          1. Equal rights for all citizens regardless of the color of their skin

    2. Many say this was a turning point in the civil rights movement

19. Freedom Summer 1964 (page 978-979) - launched a voter registration drive in mississippi. led to one of the most dramatic confrontations of the civil rights era. James Chaney, a local black youth and two white students were kidnapped and murdered by a group of policemen which had started the march of montgomery.

20. Congress of Racial Equality- CORE 

    1. 0 two votes for congress, 

    2. Radicalism of Malcolm X’s influenced the thinking of young Black African Americans in Civil rights organizations

    3. interracial American organization established by James Farmer in 1942 to improve race relations and end discriminatory policies through direct-action projects.

       1. Through non-violence but direct action

21. Civil Rights Act 1964 (page 978) - 

    1. prohibited racial discrimination in employment, institutions like hospitals and schools, and privately owned accommodations such as restaurants, hotels, and theaters., it also banned discrimination on the grounds of sex. S provision added by opponents of civil rights in effort to derail the entire bill and embraced by liberal and female members of congress as a way to broaden its scope.m

22. Voting Rights Act 1965 (page 982) - 

    1. allowed federal officers to register voters. Black southerners finally regained the suffrage that had been stripped from them at the turn of the twentieth century. Outlawed poll tax. 

    2. Ended literacy tests

    3. Provided federal registrator in the areas African Americans were not allowed to vote in before and been kept from voting 

23. Selma March -Pettus Bridge/Bloody Sunday - 

    1. 54 mile march from selma to montgomery, alabama.  The police spread tear gas and beat up black protests since governor george wallace was not allowing them to march. A protest for black American vote. 

    2. The assault on civil rights marchers in Selma, Alabama helped lead to the Voting Rights Act. Nearly a century after the Confederacy's guns fell silent, the racial legacies of slavery and Reconstruction continued to reverberate loudly throughout Alabama in 1965.

    3. Edmund Pettus Bridge was the site of the brutal beatings of civil rights marchers on Bloody Sunday