Test 4 Review

Essays - Describe and evaluate the Market Revolution (include immigration too)

Maybe tie in American System and Jackson’s opposition to bank

Can use immigrants too

Market Revolution Essay kinda dependent on the transportation revolution

Jackson -

Doesn’t like common man being exploited

Thinks he’s champion of the common man

Nullification, Bank, Indian Removal (Very important)

Know his psychology

Has habits bred that are very commonman like and what puritans and people like Adams did not like

War hero, launches his career through war of 1812

De Tocqueville -

Centripetal and Centrifugal

Shocked at people coming together for things like Temperance and Abolitionism

War of 1812 - England is causing mischief on frontier. Key issues Americans fought for: The Indian Menace being riled up by the British, search and seizure, Orders in Council, Impressment, and confiscations. Ended with Treaty of Ghent. Isaac Brock led the British Forces. Oliver Hazard Perry: “We have met the enemy and they are ours.” William Henry Harrison won the Battle of Thames in 1813. Thomas Macdonough defended New York from conquest in water battle. Burned the White House and Capitol. In Baltimore, Fort McHenry stood and Francis Scott Key wrote “The Star-Spangled Banner” then. Battle of New Orleans was a shocking win led by Andrew Jackson that restored America’s honor. It was actually two days before the war ended.

Monroe Doctrine - Said foreign powers can’t meddle in the Western Hemisphere (noncolonization and nonintervention). But Britain basically protected them since they had the powerful army and they needed the South American markets.

John Marshall - Federalist Supreme Court Judge who even after the fall of the federalist party pushed the federalist agenda. In Marbury v Madison he established judicial review and in McCulloh v Maryland he declared the federal bank constitutional because of the Hamiltonian doctrine of implied powers.

Nullification - South Carolina took the lead to oppose the tarriff of abominations and they nullified the tarriff after the tariff of 1832 was passed. The Compromise of 1833 led the South Carolinians to repeal the nullification order.

Stephen F. Austin - He brought settlers to Texas on the condition that no slaves were brought, they were Roman Catholic, and they would becoem Mexicanized. These were not followed. Santa Anna putting him in jail for eight months when he went to negotiate the differences in Mexico City helped start the war.

John C. Calhoun - Andrew Jackson’s Vice President until he resigned. He was a key member of the Nullification Crisis for South Carolina, even writing The South Carolina Exposition in secret.

Jacksonian Democracy - Abolished all need for land owning to vote. He was very anti-aristocracy and got rid of elitism where he could. For example, he got rid of the bank because he saw money and power in the hands of elites. Proponent of the common man.

Cherokee - Part of the Five Civilized Tribes and assimilated a number of white customs. Still, their tribal council was declared illegal by the land-hungry Georgia Legislature. Main victim of the Trail of Tears.

Lowell and Factory Girls - Worked six days a week for 12 or 13 hours a day for very litte money. Lowell, Massachusetts was a showplace factory with these girls who were forbidden to form unions and had very few opportunities to share dissatisfactions over their grueling working conditions.

Temperance - The Germans and Irish drunk a lot, bringing more of alcohol to America, leading the Temperance proponents to double their efforts. Led to the prohibition period.

Market Revolution - Transformation of the subsistence economy to a national network of industry and commerce. Only really occurred because of the transportation revolution that helped connect the country and construct its network of manufacturing.

Irish Immigrants - Came to America primarily because of the Irish Potato Famine. Were mainly Roman Catholics and many of the native-born Americans resented and distrusted them becayse of that. Were a major part of America’s political machines.

Hartford Convention - Wanted to abolish the 3/5 compromise. Said presidents should not have consecutive terms from the same state. Said presidents should only have one term.

Talmadge Amendment - Said no slaves should be brought into Missouri and also provided for the gradual emancipation of children born to enslaved parents already there. Southerners were able to defeat the amendment in the senate because of the equal state representation.

John Quincy Adams - When he became president, the jeffersonians crucified him saying he only got in because of a corrupt bargain between him and Henry Clay that placed Henry Clay in the coveted position of Secretary of State. Was very nationalist and wanted an astronmical observatoy and construction of roads and canals.

Bank Crisis - Daniel Webster and Henry Clay presented a bill to recharter the bank in 1832, four years before its expiration date to make it an election issue. They did this because if he approved it then he would alienate his base and otherwise he would veto it and lose support of the wealthy and influential groups in the East. He vetoed it, establishing a dangerous precedent that veto doesn’t only have to be based on constitutional issues but on personal views.

Battle of New Orleans - Actually fought two weeks after the Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812. Andrew Jackson with 7000 men brutally defeated 8000 British men, defending the Mississippi Valley. Restored American honor and let loose a wave of nationalism and self-confidence.

Sam Houston - Ex-governor of Tennessee whose life changed when his bride of a few weeks left him, leading to him taking temporary residence with Arkansas Indians and drinking a lot. As a general he beat Santa Anna at San Jacinto, winning the war for Texas by capturing him.

Alamo - Slaughter where Santa Anna massacred the Texans down to a man because the commander Colonel W. B. Travis said “I shall never surrender nor retreat … Victory or Death.” Made martyrs of Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett and led to cries of “Remember the Alamo!”

San Jacinto - Commander of Texan forces was Sam Houston and of Mexican forces was Santa Anna. Texans caught Mexicans during a siesta and wiped them out, capturing Santa Anna who hastily signed two treaties.

Henry Clay - American System, Corrupt Bargain, Compromise Tariff of 1833, ran against Jackson for president, bank war guy, and one of the main founders of the Whigs.

Martin Van Buren - Was the 8th president. Basically a yes man to Andrew Jackson. Presided over the Panic of 1837. Championed the divorce bill to fight the Panic which established an independent treasury where the government could lock its surplus money in vaults in several of the larger cities.

Erie Canal - Led by New York Governor DeWitt Clinton, leading it to be scoffingly called “Clinton’s Big Ditch.” Connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie. Slashed the prices of goods in New York and made farming in the Old Northwest much more profitable and therefore desirable.

John Deere - Created a steel plow in 1837. The plow could break the stubborn soil in the west that snapped many wooden plows. It was also light enough to be pulled by horses not oxen.

Transport Revolution - Helped launch the Market Revolution by connecting the country on the interior and to the world. Represented by canals and railroads and other concepts that tried to subdue nature. Also helped specialization by making a division of labor system.

Ecological Imperialism - The aggressive and often heedless exploitation of the West’s natural bounty. Fur trading virtually made beavers extinct and buffalo robes led to the virtual annihilation of massive bison herds. Traders also made sea-otters teeter on the adge of extinction because of the pelts that could be made.

Cumberland Trail/Road - Construction was a staggering almost 30 years as it started in 1811 and was interrupted by the War of 1812 and states’ righters, though it eventually finished in 1839. Started in Cumberland, Maryland and went 591 miles to Vandalia, Illinois, and was extended even later.

German Immigration - Many were uprooted farmers who came because of crop failures and other hardship, though a minority were political refugees disappointed in the failed revolutions of 1848. They were more wealthy in general than the Irish in terms of material goods and were proponents of public schools, like their kindergarten, and art and music. Also champions of freedom they were relentless enemies of slavery.

Rush-Bagot Agreement- Was passed in 1817 between Britain and the United States that severly limited naval armament on the lakes. Helped lead to better relations from the wary Canadians of frustrated Yankees from War of 1812 and also helped lead to the last border fortifications coming down in the 1870s.

Dartmouth/Woodward - One of John Marshall’s Cases (Darthmouth College v. Woodward). College had been given a grant by King George the Third in 1769 but New Hampshire tried to change it. Daniel Webster defended the college and Marshall said that the Constitution protected contracts against state encroachments, leading to the fortunate effect of safeguarding business enterprise from domination by the state governments.

Trail of Tears and Indian Removal - Indian Removal Act passed in 1830, providing the transplant of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi. Jackson overroade the Supreme Court saying “John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it.” Heaviest blows fell on the Five Civilized Tribes. The Cherokee especially died on the force marches on the Trail of Tears. His policies led to the forced uprooting of more than 100,000 Indians. Went to present day Oklahoma which was designated Indian Territory.

Nicholas Biddle - President of the Bank of the United State. Held immense power over the nation’s financial affairs. When in 1833 Jackson tried to kill the bank by removing federal deposits, he called in the bank’s loans to create a minor financial panic which led to a number of wobblier banks to be driven to the wall. Jackson did not sway from his course, however, killing the bank.

Whigs - Was an extremely diverse party with the only unifying factor being opposition of Jackson and his authoritative power. Main three people in the beginning were Clay, Webster, and Calhoun who passed a bill in 1834 censuring Jackson for his single-handed removal of federal deposits from the Bank of the United States. They liked internal improvements like transport and wanter public institutions like prison and schools. The liked the market economy as well.

Santa Anna - President of the nascent Mexico during Texas’s revolution. He butchered Americans who surrendered at Goliad, attacked the Alamo, and lost at Sant Jacinto. He wiped out all local rights of Texans and raised an army to suppress them. When he got back to Mexico after signing the treaties, he rejected them saying they were extorted under duress.

American System - Henry Clay developed and showed the scheme in 1824. Three main parts: A strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a network of roads and canals funded by the tariff that would connect the country through trade.

The Compromise Tariff - Was passed in 1833 and proposed by Henry Clay because he did not want to see Jackson be glorified after putting down the rebellious South Carolinians. It would reduce the Tariff of 1832 by roughly 10 percent over 8 years and bring it back to the level of the tariff of 1816.

Patents - For the decade ending in 1800, only 306 patents were registered in Washington; but the decade ending in 1860 saw 28,000 be registered. As Lincoln said, “The patent system secured to the inventor for a limited time exclusive use of his invention,” adding further interest for discovery and invention.

Samuel Slater - “Father of the Factory System” in America. He memorized the plans of the textile machines in Britain which were being jealously guarded and brought them to America. In 1791 he put the first efficient American machinery for spinning cotton thread.

Cyrus McCormick - Made the mechanical McCormick reaper. Made it so a single farmer could do the work of five men with sickles and scythes. Was what the cotton gin was to the south to the Western Farmers.

Communication Revolution - In 1858, Cyrus Field, organized a joint Anglo-American-Canadian venture to stretch a cable under the deep North Atlantic waters from Newfoundland to Ireland. Went dead after three weeks but a heavier one was laid in 1866 permanently connecting the European and American continents. Also the Pony Express in 1860 that speedily carried mail between St. Joseph, Missouri and Sacramento, California. Went bankrupt soon after Samuel Morse’s telegraph which began in California in 1861.

Fulton - He installed a steem engine in 1807 which worked, launching the steamboat craze. It made it so that all navigable streams were now two way and people did not have to walk back to the North. The initial testing vessel was the Clermont.

Trains - First railroad appeared in 1828. By 1860 the United States had 30,000 miles of railroad track, ¾ in the North. While they were dangerous and arrivals and departures were almost never on schedule, they were very useful and then became later improved. It was cheaper, faster, more reliable and not frozen in winter (comparing to canals). Contributed significantly to economy.