📌 What is Cognitive Psychology?

📌 The study of how people think, learn, remember, and process information.
📌 Focuses on mental processes 🧠 (unlike behaviorism, which only studies observable behavior).

💡 Memory Trick: "Cognition = Computer for the Mind!" 💻

🔍 Key Areas of Cognitive Psychology

1⃣ Perception – How we interpret what we see, hear, and feel. 👀👂
2⃣ Memory – Why we remember some things and forget others. 🧠
3⃣ Language – How we learn and use words. 🗣
4⃣ Problem-Solving – How we think through challenges. 🔍
5⃣ Attention – How we focus on specific information. 🎯

💡 Memory Trick: "People Make Language Problems Attention-worthy!" (P.M.L.P.A.)

📌 Dialectic Approach (How Ideas Evolve Over Time!)

(Mnemonic: "T.A.S. – Thesis, Antithesis, Synthesis")

✔ Thesis – An original idea or belief. 💡
✔ Antithesis – A conflicting idea or opposite belief. ⚡
✔ Synthesis – A new idea combining both views. 🔄

💡 Example: You believe coffee is best for studying (Thesis). Your friend argues tea is better (Antithesis). You realize both can work, depending on the situation (Synthesis). ☕🍵

🗣 Rationalism vs. Empiricism (How Do We Gain Knowledge?)

(Mnemonic: "Think vs. Experience")

🧠 Rationalism → Knowledge comes from thinking & logic (no experiments needed).
👀 Empiricism → Knowledge comes from experience & observation (experiments are essential).

💡 Memory Trick: "Rationalists think, empiricists see!" 👀

🔬 Emergence of Cognitive Psychology

👨‍🏫 Key Contributors & Their Ideas:
📌 Karl Lashley – The brain is active, not just reactive.
📌 Donald Hebb – Brain learns by forming neural connections.
📌 Alan Turing – AI & computers can mimic human thought! 🤖
📌 Ulric Neisser – Wrote the book Cognitive Psychology (1967).

📌Donald Broadbent - Studied human attention and problem-solving during WWII.
📌 Jerry Fodor – The mind is modular (has specialized parts).

💡 Memory Trick: "Lashley Thinks, Hebb Connects, Turing Computes, Neisser Writes, Broadbent solves, Fodor Modules!"

🧠 What is Intelligence?

📌 Intelligence = The ability to learn, solve problems, and adapt to new situations.

💡 Memory Trick: "Smart = Learning + Adapting!"

1⃣ Carroll’s Three-Stratum Model of Intelligence

(Mnemonic: "Narrow, Broad, General!")

1⃣ Stratum I – Specific abilities (e.g., spelling, reasoning speed).
2⃣ Stratum II – Broad abilities (e.g., memory, learning, fluid & crystallized intelligence).
3⃣ Stratum III – General intelligence (g-factor).

💡 Memory Trick: "Narrow skills build into Broad knowledge, forming General intelligence!"

🔥 Stratum II: The Most Interesting Level! (Mnemonic: "Fast Cats Love Very Speedy Runs!") 🏃‍♂🐱

•  Fluid Ability – Quick thinking & problem-solving. 🏃‍♂

•  Crystallized Ability – Knowledge & vocabulary. 📖

• Learning & Memory – Storing & recalling facts. 🧠

• Visual & Auditory Perception – Seeing & hearing patterns. 👀👂

• Speed of Response – How fast & accurately you react. ⚡

2⃣ Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

(Mnemonic: "L.L.S.M.B.I.I.N." – "Llamas Love Singing, Moving, Being In Nature!")

1⃣ Linguistic – Words & language. 🗣
2⃣ Logical-Mathematical – Numbers & reasoning. 🔢
3⃣ Spatial – Visualizing things. 🎨
4⃣ Musical – Sounds & rhythm. 🎵
5⃣ Bodily-Kinesthetic – Physical movement. 🤸
6⃣ Interpersonal – Understanding others. 🤝
7⃣ Intrapersonal – Understanding yourself. 💡
8⃣ Naturalist – Recognizing patterns in nature. 🌿

💡 Memory Trick: "Llamas Love Singing, Moving, Being In Nature!" 🦙🎶

3⃣ Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

(Mnemonic: "C.A.P. – Creative, Analytical, Practical")

1⃣ Creative Intelligence – Generating new ideas. 💡
2⃣ Analytical Intelligence – Evaluating if ideas work. 🔎
3⃣ Practical Intelligence – Applying ideas in real life. 👷

💡 Memory Trick: "You need C.A.P. to be intelligent!" 🧢

🛠 Research Methods in Cognitive Psychology

(Mnemonic: "L.P.S.C.N.C.")

1⃣ Laboratory Experiments – Controlled studies 🏢
2⃣ Psychobiological Research – Brain & behavior 🧠
3⃣ Self-Reports – Participants describe their thoughts 🗣
4⃣ Case Studies – In-depth analysis of individuals 📖
5⃣ Naturalistic Observation – Studying real-world behavior 👀
6⃣ Computer Simulations & AI – Modeling human thought 🤖

💡 Memory Trick: "Llamas Play Smart Chess, Not Checkers!" ♟

⚡ Fundamental Ideas in Cognitive Psychology

(Mnemonic: "D.A.I.S.R." – Data, Adapt, Interact, Science, Research!")

1⃣ Data + Theory – Theories need data, and data needs theories. 🔬
2⃣ Adaptive Cognition – Thinking helps us survive, but it’s not perfect. 🏕
3⃣ Interactions – Thoughts, emotions, and actions influence each other. 🔄
4⃣ Scientific Variety – Many methods help understand cognition. 🧑‍🔬
5⃣ Research Applications – Basic research leads to real-world applications. 🏥

🧩 Brain Structure Overview

🛑 Mnemonic: "F.M.H. – Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain" 🧠

1⃣ Forebrain (Thinking & Emotions) (Top/Front Region)
📍 Septum – Controls anger & fear 😡😨
✔ If damaged, you might become more aggressive or fearless in dangerous situations!

📍 Amygdala – The "emotion center" of the brain 😱💖
✔ Processes fear, excitement, and emotional memories!
✔ Example: When you see a spider 🕷 and feel instant fear, thank your amygdala!

📍 Hippocampus – Your brain’s memory bank! 🧠📖
✔ Helps store and retrieve memories
✔ Example: If you always forget names but remember songs 🎶—blame your hippocampus!

📍 Thalamus – The "traffic control center" 🚦
✔ Relays sensory information to the right brain areas
✔ Example: If you touch something hot 🔥, your thalamus sends that info to your brain!

📍 Hypothalamus – The "survival boss" 🛡
✔ Regulates fight, flight, feeding, and mating (The 4 Fs!)
✔ Example: When you’re hungry, your hypothalamus tells you to find food! 🍔

💡 Memory Trick: "Forebrain Feels!" ❤

2⃣ Midbrain (Alertness & Coordination) (Center Region)

✔ Controls eye movement & consciousness.
✔ Reticular Activating System (RAS) – Sleep & wakefulness.

💡 Memory Trick: "Midbrain Moves & Monitors!" 

3⃣ Hindbrain (Vital Functions & Balance) (Back Region)
✔ Medulla Oblangata – Heart rate & breathing.
✔ Pons – Relays signals between different parts of the brain.
✔ Cerebellum – Balance & coordination (a.k.a. "Little Brain").

💡 Memory Trick: "Hindbrain Helps you Stay Alive!" 🏃‍♂

🔗 Brainstem: The Body’s Communication Highway

📌 Connects the Forebrain to the Spinal Cord
📌 Includes: Hypothalamus, Thalamus, Midbrain, and Hindbrain

🧩 Brain Lobes & Their Functions

(Mnemonic: "F.P.O.T. – Friends Play Outside Together!")

1⃣ Frontal Lobe – Thinking, planning, decision-making 🤔
2⃣ Parietal Lobe – Touch, spatial awareness ✋
3⃣ Occipital Lobe – Vision 👀
4⃣ Temporal Lobe – Hearing, language, memory 🎶

💡 Memory Trick: "F.P.O.T. – Friends Play Outside Together!" 🎉

📌 Cerebral Cortex: The Brain’s "Control Panel"

✔ The thin outer layer of the brain (1-3mm thick) but holds 80% of brain power! ⚡
✔ Responsible for thinking, memory, decision-making, and problem-solving.

🔍 Brain’s "Landmarks" (Grooves & Folds)

✔ Sulci – Small grooves 🌀
✔ Fissures – Large grooves 🌊
✔ Gyri – Raised bulges between grooves 🔼

💡 Memory Trick: "More folds = More brainpower!" 🧠⚡

🔄 Left vs. Right Brain: "The Great Divide!"

(Mnemonic: "Left = Logic, Right = Creativity!")

✔ Left Hemisphere – Controls the right side of the body! ✍
✔ Right Hemisphere – Controls the left side of the body! 🎨

📌 Left Brain = Logical, Language, Analytical 🧠🔢
📌 Right Brain = Spatial, Creative, Artistic 🎨🎭

💡 Memory Trick: "Left = Language, Right = Rhythm!"

Information Transmission:

• Contralateral: Opposite side control (e.g., left hemisphere controls the right side of the body).

• Ipsilateral: Same side control (less common

⚡ Split-Brain Studies: What Happens If We Cut the Connection?

📌 Corpus Callosum – The "bridge" connecting the left & right hemispheres 🌉
📌 When cut (due to epilepsy treatment), each side of the brain works independently! 🤯

✔ Left Hemisphere – Can speak, but can’t recognize images without the right brain.
✔ Right Hemisphere – Can see but can’t verbalize what it saw!

💡 Memory Trick: "Cut the bridge = Two independent minds!" 🧠🧠

📌 The Four Lobes of the Brain

(Mnemonic: "F.P.O.T. – Friends Play Outside Together!")

✔ Frontal Lobe – Thinking, planning, problem-solving 🧠💡
✔ Parietal Lobe – Touch, spatial awareness ✋🗺
✔ Occipital Lobe – Vision & image processing 👀📸
✔ Temporal Lobe – Hearing, language, memory 🎵📝

💡 Memory Trick: "F.P.O.T. – Friends Play Outside Together!" 🎉

⚙ Neurons: The Brain’s Electrical Wires!

📌 Neurons = Brain cells that transmit electrical signals ⚡🔌
📌 Neocortex – The most neuron-packed brain area (~100,000 neurons per cubic mm!)

💡 Memory Trick: "Neurons = Brain’s Wi-Fi!" 📶🧠

Networks: Neurons work together in networks to process and share information.

Receptors and Psychopharmacology

Key Concept: Brain receptors (normally for neurotransmitters) can be hijacked by drugs, affecting brain function.

💡 Studying the Brain

1⃣ Postmortem Studies – Brain research after death.
2⃣ In Vivo Studies – Real-time brain activity monitoring.
3⃣ Modern Imaging – fMRI, EEG, PET scans.

💡 Memory Trick: "Look Inside, Look Alive!" 🔬

⚠ Brain Disorders

1⃣ Stroke: "Brain Power Outage!"

📌 Cause: Sudden disruption of blood flow to the brain. 🚧

📌 Types:
✔ Ischemic Stroke – Blocked artery (like a clogged pipe 🚰).
✔ Hemorrhagic Stroke – Burst blood vessel (like a water pipe explosion 💥).

📌 Symptoms:
⚠ Weakness or numbness (often on one side of the body).
⚠ Confusion, trouble speaking or understanding.
⚠ Dizziness, vision problems, loss of coordination.
⚠ Worst headache of your life? Might be a stroke! 🚨

💡 Memory Trick: "FAST: Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech trouble = Time to call 911!" 🚑

2⃣ Brain Tumors: "Unwanted Brain Guests!"

📌 Types:
✔ Primary Tumors – Start in the brain. 🧠
✔ Secondary Tumors – Spread from other parts of the body. 🚨

📌 Symptoms:
⚠ Morning headaches (worse when waking up).
⚠ Nausea, vision/speech problems, balance issues.
⚠ Personality or memory changes (sudden mood swings).
⚠ Seizures or tingling in limbs.

💡 Memory Trick: "Morning migraines + memory loss? Get checked!" 👀

3⃣ Head Injuries: "Brain Shake-Up!"

📌 Types:
✔ Closed-Head Injuries – Skull stays intact (e.g., concussion). 🤕
✔ Open-Head Injuries – Skull is penetrated (e.g., gunshot wound). 🚑

📌 Symptoms:
⚠ Unconsciousness, abnormal breathing.
⚠ Unequal pupils, dizziness, seizures.
⚠ Speech/vision issues, vomiting, loss of bladder/bowel control.

💡 Memory Trick: "If you hit your head & feel dizzy, see a doctor!" 🏥

🧠 Intelligence & Neuroscience: What Makes Us Smart?

Karl Lashley’s Early Studies: "Looking for the Brain’s ‘Smart Spot’"

📌 Tried to link intelligence to specific brain areas but failed. ❌

💡 Memory Trick: "Smartness isn’t in just one spot—it’s teamwork!" 🤝

P-FIT Theory (Parietal-Frontal Integration Theory) – "Smart Brains Work as a Team!" 🚀

📌 Suggests intelligence is based on multiple brain areas working together!

📍 Key Brain Areas:
✔ Frontal Lobe – Planning, decision-making. 💡
✔ Parietal Lobe – Sensory processing, problem-solving. 🖐🗺
✔ Anterior Cingulate Cortex – Attention, focus. 🎯
✔ Temporal & Occipital Lobes – Memory & vision. 👀

📌 Limitation:
P-FIT shows brain activity patterns but doesn’t fully explain intelligence. 🤔

💡 Memory Trick: "Smart brains = Teamwork between lobes!" 🤝

📌 What is Perception?

✔ Perception = How we recognize, organize, and make sense of what we see. 👀🧠
✔ It’s not just seeing—it’s understanding!

💡 Example: Your eyes see a blurry figure at night (seeing), but your brain decides if it's a person or just a shadow (perceiving)!

✔ Seeing = Physical process of receiving images.
✔ Perceiving = Mental process of interpreting images.

💡 Memory Trick: "Seeing is receiving, perceiving is believing!" 👀✅

📌 What is Pathology?

📌 Pathology = A disease or disorder that disrupts normal body or brain function.
📌 Can be caused by injuries, infections, genetics, or chemical imbalances.

💡 Memory Trick: "Pathology = Problems in the Path of Normal Function!" 🚧

👀 Vision Pathologies (Problems with the Eyes)

📌 Blindness – Complete loss of sight. 🚫👀
📌 Color Blindness – Difficulty seeing certain colors (e.g., red-green confusion). 🌈❌

💡 Memory Trick: "If the eyes don’t work, perception won’t start!" 🚦

🧠 Neuropsychological Pathologies (Brain Processing Issues)

📌 Visual Agnosia – "I see it, but I don’t recognize it!" 😵
✔ You can describe an object but can’t identify it by looking at it.
✔ Example: Seeing a 🍎 but not knowing it’s an apple (until you touch or smell it).

📌 Prosopagnosia (Face Blindness) – "I see a face, but I don’t know who it is!" 😕
✔ Inability to recognize familiar faces, even close friends or family.
✔ Example: Brad Pitt has this condition and struggles to recognize people!

📌 Achromatopsia (Total Color Blindness) – "My world is black and white!" ⚫⚪
✔ Complete loss of color perception, seeing only in grayscale.
✔ Unlike regular color blindness, which only affects specific colors.

💡 Memory Trick: "Vision = Eyes, Perception = Brain!" 🧠👀

📷 The Visual Perception Process: How Do We See?

(Mnemonic: "S.R.B.P. – Stimulus, Retina, Brain, Perception!")

1⃣ Stimulus (Object You See) – Example: A 🍏 apple.
2⃣ Retina (Eye’s Camera Sensor) – Light reflects off the apple and stimulates receptors in the retina.
3⃣ Brain (Visual Cortex in Occipital Lobe) – Signals travel through the optic nerve to the occipital lobe at the back of the brain.
4⃣ Perception (Final Image) – The brain interprets the apple’s shape, color, and movement to decide what it is.

💡 Memory Trick: "S.R.B.P. – See, Record, Brain Process, Perceive!"

🎭 Why Do We See Optical Illusions?

✔ The brain searches for stability and fills in missing details to make sense of images.
✔ Bistable Images – When an image has two possible interpretations, but you can only see one at a time! (e.g., Rubin Vase 🏺 – Vase or Two Faces?)

💡 Memory Trick: "Your brain is an illusionist—it tricks you to make sense of reality!" 🎩✨

⚡ What Affects Our Perception?

✔ Mood & Emotions – A happy person sees faces as friendlier. 😊
✔ Stress & Anxiety – A scared person overestimates threats. 😨
✔ Culture & Experience – Different cultures interpret images differently! 🌍
✔ Visual Context – Colors look different depending on background (e.g., the Dress: Blue/Black or White/Gold?)

💡 Memory Trick: "Your brain sees what it wants to see!" 🤯

🔄 Sensory Adaptation & Ganzfeld Effect

✔ Sensory Adaptation – The brain ignores unchanging stimuli over time.
✔ Ganzfeld Effect – When exposed to a uniform color field (e.g., fog 🌫), we stop seeing details and see only gray.

💡 Example: Stare at a red wall for a long time → It fades to gray!

📌 What is Attention?

📌 Attention = Actively selecting what to focus on. 🎯
📌 Our senses take in tons of information, but attention filters out the unnecessary stuff!

💡 Example: You’re in a noisy room 🏟 but still hear your name from across the room—your brain filters it as important!

✔ Attention is limited – You can’t focus on everything at once! 😵
✔ Selective attention = Choosing what to focus on. 🔎
✔ Divided attention = Doing multiple things at once. 🏃‍♂🎧📖

💡 Memory Trick: "Attention is like Wi-Fi—too many connections slow it down!" 📶

🔍 What is Consciousness?

📌 Consciousness = Awareness of yourself & surroundings. 🧠🌎
📌 It includes thoughts, feelings, sensations, and focus.

💡 Example: Right now, you’re aware that you’re reading this, but you can also shift your focus to the sound of your breathing!

✔ You can be conscious without being attentive! (e.g., daydreaming in class).
✔ Consciousness & attention overlap, but they’re not the same!

💡 Memory Trick: "Consciousness is the ocean, attention is the boat you steer!" ⛵🌊

⚡ Functions of Attention

1⃣ Signal Detection & Vigilance (Staying Alert!) 🚨

📌 Signal Detection Theory (SDT) – How we detect important signals while ignoring distractions.
📌 Vigilance – Staying alert for a long time to detect something specific.

💡 Example: A security guard scans dozens of screens but only reacts if he sees something suspicious! 🕵‍♂️

✔ Four Possible Outcomes:
✅ Hit – Correctly detecting something important! 🎯
❌ Miss – Failing to notice something important! ⚠
❌ False Alarm – Thinking something is there when it’s not! 🚨
✅ Correct Rejection – Ignoring distractions successfully! 🚫

💡 Memory Trick: "Spot the right signals, ignore the noise!" 🎵🔕

2⃣ Search (Finding What You Need!) 🔎

📌 Searching for a specific object among many.
📌 Three Theories of Search:
✔ Feature-Integration Theory – We recognize objects by combining different features. 🎨
✔ Similarity Theory – The more similar things are, the harder they are to find! 🔍
✔ Guided Search Theory – We look at important things first! 🚦

💡 Example: Where’s Waldo? You search for his red-and-white stripes among a busy scene! 👀🔴⚪

💡 Memory Trick: "Eyes scan, brain plans!" 🧠👀

3⃣ Selective Attention (Focusing on One Thing!) 🎯

📌 The Cocktail Party Problem – How we focus on one conversation in a noisy room! 🎉🗣
📌 Dichotic Presentation – Listening to two different things at once (very hard to do!).

✔ Factors That Help Focus:
🔊 Loudness – We hear louder voices more easily.
📍 Location – We focus on sounds closer to us.
🎵 Pitch & Rhythm – High/low voices stand out.

💡 Memory Trick: "Selective attention is like noise-canceling headphones for your brain!" 🎧

4⃣ Divided Attention (Multitasking!) 🏃‍♂📖🎧

📌 Can we focus on multiple tasks at once? Yes, but… 🚧

✔ Practice helps! (Driving becomes automatic over time 🚗💨).
✔ But complex tasks suffer! (Texting while driving is dangerous! 🚨📱).
✔ Neisser & Becklen (1980s) – We multitask better with practice, not special cognitive abilities.

💡 Example: You can walk & talk, but can you read & talk at the same time? 🤔

💡 Memory Trick: "The brain is powerful, but it's not a computer with unlimited tabs open!" 💻🔄

🛠 Factors Affecting Attention

📌 1⃣ Anxiety – Too much stress hurts focus! 😰
📌 2⃣ Arousal – A little excitement helps, but too much overwhelms! ⚡
📌 3⃣ Task Difficulty – Harder tasks need more attention. 🏋‍♂️
📌 4⃣ Skills – Experts focus better because they’re trained! 🎯

💡 Memory Trick: "Stay calm, stay sharp!" 🏆

🤖 Controlled vs. Automatic Processes

✔ Controlled Processing – Requires conscious effort.
✔ Automatic Processing – Happens without thinking.

💡 Example: Learning to drive (controlled), then driving after years of experience (automatic)! 🚗💨

💡 Memory Trick: "First, you focus. Then, you flow!" 🏄‍♂

📌 What Are Neurotransmitters?

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that help your brain send signals to different parts of the body. 🏃‍♂💬

💡 Think of them like:
✔ Acetylcholine (Ach) = Memory Booster 📖
✔ Dopamine (DA) = The "Feel-Good" & "Move-Well" Chemical 🎉🏃‍♂
✔ Epinephrine/Norepinephrine = Fight-or-Flight Mode ⚡🔥
✔ Serotonin = Mood & Sleep Regulator 😴🙂
✔ GABA = The Brain's Chill Pill 🧘‍♂

🧪 Key Neurotransmitters & Their Functions

1⃣ Acetylcholine (Ach) – The Memory Booster 📖

🔬 Made from: Choline
💡 Function: Helps with memory, muscle movement & learning
🚨 Too little? Memory loss (Alzheimer’s!)
🎯 Example: Found in high amounts in the hippocampus (brain’s memory center).

💡 Memory Trick: "A-C-H = Always Creating History (memories!)" 📚

2⃣ Dopamine (DA) – The Feel-Good & Move-Well Chemical 🎉🏃‍♂

🔬 Made from: Tyrosine
💡 Function: Controls movement, attention, and pleasure
🚨 Too little? Parkinson’s disease (shaking & stiffness 😢)
🚨 Too much? Linked to schizophrenia (hallucinations!)

💡 Memory Trick: "Dope-amine = Makes you feel dope & move smoothly!" 🕺

3⃣ Epinephrine & Norepinephrine – Fight-or-Flight Mode ⚡🔥

🔬 Made from: Tyrosine
💡 Function: Regulates alertness, fear, and stress response (a.k.a. adrenaline rush!)
🚨 Too much? Anxiety & stress overload 😱

💡 Memory Trick: "Epinephrine = Emergency Energy! 🚑"

4⃣ Serotonin – Mood & Sleep Regulator 😴🙂

🔬 Made from: Tryptophan (found in turkey 🦃!)
💡 Function: Controls mood, sleep, and happiness
🚨 Too little? Depression & insomnia 😔

💡 Memory Trick: "Serotonin = Smile-tonin! 😃"

5⃣ GABA – The Brain's Chill Pill 🧘‍♂

🔬 Made from: Amino acids
💡 Function: Calms the brain, reduces stress & anxiety
🚨 Too little? Overthinking, anxiety, and epilepsy 😵

💡 Memory Trick: "GABA = Get A Break, Alright?" 😌

6⃣ Glutamate – The Brain’s Supercharger! ⚡

🔬 Type: Amino acid neurotransmitter
💡 Function: Excites brain cells for learning & memory 🧠
🚨 Too much? Brain damage (like in strokes!)

💡 Memory Trick: "Gluta-MATE helps you memorize, mate!" 📚

7⃣ Neuropeptides – The Painkillers 🏥

🔬 Type: Peptide chains acting as neurotransmitters
💡 Function: Pain relief & enhances Acetylcholine (Ach)
🚨 Example: Endorphins = natural painkillers & feel-good chemicals!

💡 Memory Trick: "Neuropeptides = Natural Pain Protectors!" 💊