6A Organic Compounds

Development of Organic Chemistry

• Organic Chemistry: the study of the composition, structure, and properties of carbon-containing compounds

• Organic Compound: a covalently bonded compound containing carbon

Molecular Arrangement

• Branched Chain: an organic molecule with carbon atoms connected to each other in such a way as to create more than one chain of carbons

• Straight Chain: an organic molecule consisting of a single continuous series of any number of carbon atoms bonded to each other

• Ring: an organic molecule made by connecting the two ends of a carbon chain

Hydrocarbon: an organic compound consisting of only hydrogen and carbon atoms

Structural Formula: a drawing depicting the composition and arrangement of atoms in a molecule

Classifying Hydrocarbons

• Saturated Hydrocarbon: a hydrocarbon that has only single bonds between its carbon atoms

• Unsaturated Hydrocarbon: a hydrocarbon that has at least one double or triple bond between its carbon atoms

• Aromatic Hydrocarbon: an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one benzene structure

• Benzene: a six-carbon unsaturated hydrocarbon ring with the electrons from the C-C bonds equally distributed among the carbon atoms. it is the key feature in aromatic hydrocarbons

Isomer: any of a group of compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures

6B Substituted Hydrocarbons

Substitution

Substituted Hydrocarbon: a hydrocarbon in which at least one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced with another atom or group of atoms

Functional Group: an atom or group of atoms that replaces a hydrogen atom to form a substituted hydrocarbon

Substituted Hydrocarbons

• Alcohol: a substituted hydrocarbon in which a hydroxyl group (OH) replaces a hydrogen atom

  • Typical Properties: higher boiling points and greater solubility

  • Name: alcohols identified by the -ol ending

• Aldehyde: a substituted hydrocarbon in which the replacement by an oxygen atom of a pair of hydrogen atoms at the end of a hydrocarbon chain forms a carbonyl group (C=O)

  • Typical Properties: vary depending on the hydrocarbon to which the carbonyl group is attached

  • Name: aldehydes identified by the al- ending

• Ketone: a substituted hydrocarbon in which a pair of hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom other than those at the end of the carbon chain are replaced by an oxygen atom, forming a carbonyl group (C=O)

  • Typical Properties: greater solubility in water than their unsubstituted counterparts

  • Name: ketones identified by the -one ending

6C Biochemistry

Polymers

• Polymer: a large molecule formed by linking smaller molecules, called monomers.

• Monomer: a simple molecule that can link with other monomers to form large molecules called polymers

Macronutrients

• Carbohydrate: an organic compound comprised of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms that is the basic energy source for living organisms

• Protein: a biochemical polymer made of amino acids. proteins are the building block for muscle, blood, skin, and hair in humans and animals

• Amino Acid: a class of organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins

• Lipid: organic compounds that provide long-term energy storage in living organisms; includes fats, oils, waxes, and steroids

Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic Acid: a biochemical polymer that encodes, stores, and provides instructions for cellular processes

• Nucleotide: any of a group of biochemical molecules that act as the monomers to make nucleic acids. each consists of a sugar, a nitrogen base, and a phosphate group