Extra Islam notes

Abbasid Empire

• Time Period: 750–1258 CE

• Founded by: The Abbasid family, who overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate.

• Key Rulers: Caliph Al-Mansur, Harun al-Rashid, Al-Ma'mun.

• Cultural Achievements: Flourished in arts and sciences, established the House of Wisdom in Baghdad.

• Religion: Predominantly Islamic, with significant contributions to Islamic philosophy, science, and literature.

• Overthrown by: Mongol invasion in 1258, leading to the sack of Baghdad.

Seljuk Empire

• Time Period: 1037–1194 CE

• Founded by: The Seljuk Turks.

• Key Rulers: Tughril Beg, Alp Arslan, Malik Shah.

• Cultural Achievements: Expanded the empire greatly; promoted Persian culture and Islamic scholarship.

• Religion: Sunni Islam was the dominant religion; they played a major role in the Islamic revival and supported the Sunni Orthodox tradition.

• Overthrown by: The Crusaders and later diminished by internal divisions and the rise of the Mongols.

Ottoman Empire

• Time Period: 1299–1922 CE

• Founded by: Osman I.

• Key Rulers: Mehmed II (the Conqueror), Suleiman the Magnificent.

• Cultural Achievements: Major advancements in architecture, art, and governance; capitalized in Istanbul (formerly Constantinople).

• Religion: Predominantly Islamic; the empire was known for its religious tolerance, allowing various communities (e.g., Christians and Jews) to maintain their own laws and practices.

• Overthrown by: Post-World War I territorial losses, leading to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1923.

Sultanate of Delhi

• Time Period: 1206–1526 CE

• Founded by: Qutb al-Din Aibak, a former slave of Muhammad Ghori.

• Key Rulers: Iltutmish, Razia Sultana, Alauddin Khilji, Muhammad Tughlaq.

• Cultural Achievements: Promoted Persian culture and architecture; construction of major landmarks like the Qutub Minar and the Alai Darwaza.

• Religion: Predominantly Islamic; the sultanate established Islamic institutions and promoted religious learning while coexisting with Hindu populations.

• Overthrown by: The Mughals after the conquests of Babur, leading to the establishment of the Mughal Empire in India.