TChem Jeopardy Midterm (1) notes

ThanatoChemistry Midterm - Jeopardy Overview

• Structure of the exam presented in a Jeopardy format covering various topics in chemistry related to embalming.

Categories and Point Values

• Categories include Chemical Reactions, Functional Groups, Atom Anatomy, Chemical Bonding, Embalming, Solutions.

• Each category has point values ranging from 100 to 800.

Atom Anatomy Questions

100 Points

• Question: What components of an atom comprise the majority of its weight (mass)?Answer: Protons & Neutrons

  • Reference: Chapter 3, Page 34

200 Points

• Question: What does the number of protons tell us about an element?Answer: It determines the atomic number and its atomic symbol notation.

  • Example: Atomic Number = 14, Atomic Mass = 7.

  • Reference: Chapter 3, Page 35

300 Points

• Question: Define “Isotope.”Answer: Atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic mass due to different numbers of neutrons.

  • Reference: Chapter 3, Page 36

400 Points

• Question: How many electrons can the “p” orbital hold in total?Answer: 6 Electrons.

  • Reference: Chapter 3, Page 40

500 Points

• Question: Name two roles (importance) of valence electrons for an atom.Answer:

  1. Role in chemical bonds.

  2. Similar chemical properties.

  • Reference: Chapter 3, Page 43

600 Points

• Question: Which groups of the periodic table gain or lose electrons?Answer:

  1. Group 7A tends to gain 1 electron due to 7 valence electrons.

  2. Group 1A tends to lose 1 electron due to 1 valence electron.

  • Reference: Chapter 3, Page 43

700 Points

• Question: Name the following elements: O, H, Fe, Mg, Cl, C, Ca, Na.Answer: Oxygen, Hydrogen, Iron, Magnesium, Chlorine, Carbon, Calcium, Sodium.

  • Reference: Periodic Table

800 Points

• Question: Fill in the blanks regarding oxidation numbers.Answer:

  1. Are positive or negative numbers.

  2. Show how atoms bond to each other.

  3. Are written at the top right of the element's symbol.

  • Reference: Chapter 4, Page 52

Chemical Bonding Questions

100 Points

• Question: How many valence electrons does carbon have, and how many bonds can one carbon atom make?Answer: 4 valence electrons; can form 4 bonds.

  • Reference: Chapter 7, Page 107

200 Points

• Question: Water's _____ bonds give it unique properties.Answer: Hydrogen; Unique chemical properties include being a universal solvent, having a high boiling point, etc.

  • Reference: Chapter 5, Page 67

300 Points

• Question: Define electrophile and nucleophile.Answer:

  1. Electrophile: Least electronegative atom.

  2. Nucleophile: Most electronegative atom.

  • Reference: Chapter 12, Page 177

400 Points

• Question: What is the bond type when electrons are shared?Answer: Covalent Bond.

  • Other types mentioned: Ionic, Polar Covalent, Non-Polar Covalent.

  • Reference: Chapter 3, Page 45

500 Points

• Question: What happens to oxidized and reduced atoms?Answer:

  1. Oxidized atom loses electrons.

  2. Reduced atom gains electrons.

  • Reference: Chapter 12, Page 172

600 Points

• Question: Changes from solid to gas are linked to what property?Answer: Physical property analyzed during chemical identity changes.

  • Reference: Chapter 2, Page 16

700 Points

• Question: Define heat of fusion and heat of vaporization.Answer:

  1. Heat needed to convert solid to liquid (fusion).

  2. Heat needed to convert liquid to gas (vaporization).

  • Reference: Chapter 2, Page 21

800 Points

• Question: Heat exchange in phase changes (solid, liquid, gas)?Answer:

  1. Solid → Liquid → Gas = Absorbs Heat.

  2. Gas → Liquid → Solid = Liberates/Releases Heat.

  • Reference: Chapter 3, Page 34

Embalming Questions

100 Points

• Question: What is the mineral content of hard water?Answer: High mineral content, especially calcium, increases clotting.

  • Reference: Chapter 5, Page 72

200 Points

• Question: Formaldehyde's alternative name and its state in solution.Answer: Methanal; exists as methylene glycol in aqueous solutions.

  • Reference: Chapter 9, Page 133

300 Points

• Question: What are the pH ranges for formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde?Answer:

  • Formaldehyde: 7.3 - 7.5

  • Glutaraldehyde: 7.3 - 9.0

  • Reference: Chapter 6, Page 94

400 Points

• Question: Define Index in an embalming context.Answer: Index = # grams of solute dissolved in 100 mL of solution.

  • Reference: Chapter 3, Page 34

500 Points

• Question: What are Quats and their uses?Answer: Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; used as surfactants and disinfectants in embalming fluids.

  • Reference: Chapter 11, Page 161

600 Points

• Question: What type of bond forms between carbon and nitrogen during embalming?Answer: Methylene bridges form between one or two carbon atoms and nitrogen.

  • Reference: Chapter 12, Page 179

700 Points

• Question: List characteristics of glutaraldehyde embalming.Answer:

  1. Reduces inhalation exposure.

  2. Wider pH range.

  3. Less astringent.

  4. Not as effective at removing water from tissues.

  • Reference: Chapter 3, Page 34

800 Points

• Question: What happens to formaldehyde when combined with nitrogen?Answer: It forms urotropin, which increases demande for formaldehyde requiring a higher index of formaldehyde.

  • Reference: Chapters 9 and 11, Pages 135, 159

Solutions Questions

100 Points

• Question: Differentiate a dilute and concentrated solution.Answer:

  • Dilute - small amount of solute.

  • Concentrated - large amount of solute.

  • Reference: Chapter 5, Page 76

200 Points

• Question: Name the compounds: NH4+, OH-, H3O+.Answer:

  1. Ammonium

  2. Hydroxide

  3. Hydronium

  • Reference: Chapter 4, Page 57

300 Points

• Question: Define Lewis Base, Bronsted-Lowry Base, and Arrhenius Base.Answer:

  1. Lewis Base: Substance donating a pair of electrons.

  2. Bronsted-Lowry Base: Substance acting as a proton acceptor.

  3. Arrhenius Base: Increases [OH-] and decreases [H3O+].

  • Reference: Chapter 6, Page 89

400 Points

• Question: How to calculate density?Answer: Density = Mass / Volume.

  • Reference: Chapter 1, Page 10

500 Points

• Question: Define saturation states of solutions.Answer:

  1. Unsaturated Solution: Not yet reached saturation.

  2. Saturated Solution: Contains all solute a solvent can hold.

  3. Supersaturated Solution: Contains more solute than a solvent can hold.

  • Reference: Chapter 5, Page 77

600 Points

• Question: Define entropy and how it changes with embalming.Answer:

  1. Entropy is the tendency of matter to become more disorganized.

  2. Embalming fixates tissues to prevent breakdown.

  • Reference: Chapter 1, Page 6

700 Points

• Question: Consequences of ingesting methanol and its metabolism.Answer:

  1. Extremely toxic when metabolized into aldehyde/formaldehyde and formic acid.

  2. Formaldehyde cross-links proteins.

  • Reference: Chapter 12, Page 175

800 Points

• Question: Carboxylic acids characteristics.Answer: They dissociate in water, forming conjugate base and H3O+.

  • Reference: Chapter 10, Page 143

Functional Groups Questions

100 Points

• Question: Describe types of C-C bonds in hydrocarbons.Answer:

  1. Alkanes: Single/Saturated C-C bonds.

  2. Alkenes: Double/Unsaturated C-C bonds.

  3. Alkynes: Triple/Unsaturated C-C bonds.

  • Reference: Chapters 7, Page 110/111

200 Points

• Question: Name the following alkane hydrocarbon chains.Answer:

  1. 1 Carbon Chain: Methane.

  2. 5 Carbon Chain: Pentane.

  3. 8 Carbon Chain: Octane.

  • Reference: Chapter 7, Page 111

300 Points

• Question: What is an isomer?Answer: Substances with the same molecular formula but different connectivity.

  • Reference: Chapter 7, Page 111

400 Points

• Question: Removal of an alkane forms what?Answer:

  1. Hydrogen removed forms an alkyl.

  • Reference: Chapter 7, Page 112

500 Points

• Question: What do amines act as?Answer:

  1. Organic base with an unpleasant scent.

  2. Related to decomposition: Putrescine and cadaverine.

  • Reference: Chapter 3, Page 34

600 Points

• Question: Roles of esters in embalming.Answer: Found in embalming solutions as perfuming agents.

  • Reference: Chapter 10, Page 149

700 Points

• Question: Purpose of sequestering agents and anticoagulants in embalming.Answer: They aim to trap/bond to calcium to decrease blood clotting.

  • Reference: Chapter 10, Pages 145/146

800 Points

• Question: Conditions associated with ketosis.Answer:

  1. Diabetes, pregnancy, alcoholism cause acidic blood in ketosis.

  • Reference: Chapter 9, Page 138

Chemical Reactions Questions

100 Points

• Question: What is a neutralization reaction?Answer:

  • Reaction between an acid and a base producing salt and water.

  • Reference: Chapter 6, Page 87

200 Points

• Question: What type of change is the decomposition of a body?Answer: Chemical change.

  • Reference: Chapter 2, Page 19

300 Points

• Question: How do acids and bases affect concentration?Answer:

  1. Acids increase [H+] and decrease [OH-].

  2. Bases increase [OH-] and decrease [H+].

  • Reference: Chapter 6, Page 88

400 Points

• Question: Define boiling point, melting point, and sublimation.Answer:

  1. Boiling Point: Liquid to gas.

  2. Melting Point: Solid to liquid.

  3. Sublimation: Solid directly to gas.

  • Reference: Chapters 2, Pages 16, 21

500 Points

• Question: Characteristics of exothermic and endothermic reactions.Answer:

  1. Exothermic: Liberate/release heat.

  2. Endothermic: Absorb heat.

  • Reference: Chapter 2, Page 21

600 Points

• Question: Phase change properties.Answer: Changing from solid to gas is a physical property; discovered via changes in chemical identity.

  • Reference: Chapter 2, Page 16

700 Points

• Question: Define heat of fusion and heat of vaporization.Answer:

  1. Heat of Fusion: Needed to convert solid to liquid.

  2. Heat of Vaporization: Needed to convert liquid to gas.

  • Reference: Chapter 2, Page 21

800 Points

• Question: Heat exchange during phase changes.Answer:

  1. Solid to liquid to gas = Absorbs heat.

  2. Gas to liquid to solid = Liberates/releases heat.

  • Reference: Chapter 3, Page 34