• crop began to deplete after mechanization

  • farmers relied on railroads to transport goods

    • prices were expensive, so many could not

Grander Laws

• law passed to protect farmers

Pacific Railroads acts

• land to railroad companies

  • Transcontinental railroads placed

Homestead act

• 160 acres of land for farmers to plant crops, if they live out west

Settlement of the West

• 1865, many pushed westward

Sod busters

• first to settle here

• only 5th of them got land this way, while others got it from building railroads

Fredrick Jackson Turner

• argued that the closing of the frontier was a clause of concern, not celebration

  • frontier would be more of a “fresh start”

    • lands populated with Indians

  • Reservation System

    • Indians were placed in areas to live in, having strict laws

Dawes act

• banded the reservation System

  • made it land for the Indians to farm on it

    • allowed Indians to become citizen, as long as they assimilate themselves

• Ghost Dance movement

  • if Indians participated in this dance, ideas was that their ancestors would return and drive thee white men out of land

Indian resistance came to an end

The new south

• still was agricultural

  • introduced sharecropping, having a form of “slavery”

• Still had segregation

Plesy V. Ferdonson

• Louisiana had a law that required segregated cars

  • he would be seen as still black, being segregated

    • was 7/8 white, and 1/8 black

Separate but Equal

Jim Crow laws

• EVERYTHING WAS SEGREGATED

  • forbidden to run for jury or in office

    • would be falsely accused

    • 1890’s 1000+ black people were lynched

Ida B. Wells

• wrote newspapers on south

  • fiercely wrote on lynching, which gave her hate, making her move back up north

Henry Turner

• international Migration Society

  • organize and settle three groups of Blacks migrants in Liberia

Booker T. Washington

• view was for black people should not fight for their equality on political level

  • argued that if you become economically available, you can earn it this way.

Changed from Industrialization

• Americans made things either to use themselves or sell locally

• e=Americans began mass production

Technology

• railroads

  • Opened mass consumption

  • gov. aided railroads

  • east + west created national markets

• Steel production

  • New method enabled manufactures to create more and have better quality

• coal

• oil

• telegraph wires multiplied

  • wire between Europe and America, creating a new market

• Telephone

  • created by Alexander bell

Golden Age (industrial age)

• during the gilded age, small business became obsolete due to major corporations

• oil industries, John D. Rockefeller compelled competitors to sell their companies to him

• Horizontal integration

  • company buys out all competitors

• Andrew Carnegie dominated steel industries

  • became powerful

  • men became wealthy

Laissez-faire

• let alone

• politicians would not let any regulation over these industries

Immigrants

• looked for work at these companies

• had low waged

• women and children would also work

Social Darwinism

• the strong eat the weak

• applied to economics

Gospel of Wealth

• Andrew Carneige beloved rich should give back to communities

GAP GREW BETWEEN CLASSES

• rich boasted their money

Panic of 1873-93

• wages increased during period

• goods would drop

  • working class was very dangerous

    • Labor unions

    • (many to fight off the same things, causing strikes)

• Railroad strike of 1877

  • cut wages to save money during a recession

  • railroad workers went on strike

    • negotiated for better pay

• Pullman Strike

Knights of Labor

• inclusive

• worked to abolish child labor

Hay market Square riot

• many labor gathered in Chicago

• protested peacefully

  • bomb exploded

    • Americans associated this bombing with the Knights of Labor

  • We’re seen as violent

  • membership went down

America in Fed. of Labor

• Samuel Gompers

  • had 1 million workers

    • higher wages

    • safer working conditions

    • similar to Knight of Labor

Immigration

• US population grew 3x

• 16 million immigrants arrived from European to US

  • left euro due to religion

  • crowding

  • jobless

  • settled in Chicago

  • land was seen as land of opportunity

• Chinese immigrants arrived in substantial numbers

  • cities began to change

• Industrial cities made up more of working class

  • Tenements were poorly constructed, where all immigrants lived

  • Many immigrants found each other, and established their culture in different areas to keep their culture alive

Migration

• ecoduster movement

  • mass migration of black people from the south to the west

  • 1870 40,000 black southerners migrated to Kansas

• Colored Relief board established

Responses

Americans began to have concern over the American identity due to many immigrants appearing here

• immigrants partially assimilated

  • Nativism were upset

Social Darwinism beloved immigrants were a inferior race, being upset

• beloved even the Irish were a different race

  • occurred in both west and east

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

• banned further immigration from Asia

Jane Adam

• had settlement houses to better assimilation the immigrants'

  • helped them learn English

    • early education for children

Large corporation had 3 layers

• executive

• managers

  • kept day to day operations going

    • referred as white collar workers

• laborers

Women learned to use the typewriter, giving them many jobs

• women tend to work at schools, teaching

Middle Class

• tended to rise in wages

• less working days

  • Conney Island was created (an amusement park)

Wealthy class

• Andrew Carneige’s

• Gospel of wealth

  • also gave opportunities for working class to ride to middle class

    • duty to help the community

      • invested money in libraries

• Phoebe Apperson Heart

  • gave her one million also

    • gave money in education, and schools

Laissez-faire government occurred

Henry George

• thought it was foolish that the nation could get so much wealth while so may people were living in poverty

  • Single tax (on land)

    • The elite folks were being taxed more

Utopian

• Edward Bellamy

  • believed that in the year 2000 there would be peace

Socialism

• All means of production should be owned in the community, benefiting everyone

  • Social Gospel

    • believed that principles should be applied to our self, but ALSO to cure the ills of society

Women

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

• NAWSA

  • worked for franchise for women

    • helped around in 1920

• Temperance

  • fight against alcohol

    • formed women christian temperance union

      • tried to have total abstinence of alcohol

• Carrie Nation

  • would hack at alcohol, fighting men

laissez-Faire Economics

• Adam smith

  • believed that colonies are best governed by their own rules

• only was involved when its about economics

  • much corruption

Panic of 1893

• government did little to nothing to help

  • many had to stand in bread lines to feed themselves

Interstate Commerce Commission

• a law where states cant regulate railroads

  • still had no real power

Laissez-faire capitalist

• supported the overthrown of the Hawaii monarchy at 1893

  • Hawaii was later annexed 1898

Open Door policy

• equal trading rights in China

democrats

• mainly southerners

• championed states rights and racial segregation

• counted on votes from big city political machines and growing population of immigrants

Republicans

• mostly northerners

• more industrial party

• counted on votes from black people, middle class, business men, and protestants

Neither party had a strong legislative agenda

Civil Service

• issue in getting jobs

• James Garfeild

  • hearing of 1000 of men of seeking jobs

    • passed on someone attending, and so he killed him

Pendleton Act

• if you wanted a fed. job you had to compete with scores

  • whoever had higher scores, you get the job

Gold Standard

• would only print money if they have backed gold in their vaults

Tariffs

• taxes on imported goods

  • 1890’s tariffs provided over half of fed. revenue

• protected tariffs remained enforced

  • when taxes are high on imported goods, the ones in the US will be most likely bought, better for the US

    • CHEAP?! BETTER!

populist party

• having to work for the people

  • Omaha Platform

    • advocated for direct elections of senators

    • argued coinage of silver

    • graduated income tax

    • eight hour work day

  • gained attention

• democrat party took themes of populist

political machines

• Tammany Hall

  • owned by Tweed

• corrupted

  • Tweed stole millions of $ in frauds