Untitled Flashcards Set

Adolescent Sexuality in Context 

• Sex is a “normal” part of adolescent development 

• There are negative stereotypes about adolescent sexual behaviors 

• Majority of adolescents 

-Have healthy sexual attitudes 

-Experience positive emotions related to sexuality 

-Engage in sexual behaviors that do not compromise their developmental trajectory 

• Various factors can impact adolescents' attitudes and sexual behaviors 

-Society 

-culture 

-politics 

-religion 

-media 

-literature  

-internet 

• Sexual Identity 

-how one thinks oneself in terms of romantic/sexual attraction 

-ALso learning to manage sexual feelings( e.g., arousal) 

-Degrees of intamacy  

-Skills to regulate sexual behavior and avoid potential conquences  

• Also influenced by... 

-Physical factors (e.g,hormones) 

• Social norms  

-E.g, extent to which peers are having sex, use of contraceptives 

• Sexual Scripts -Stereotyped patterns of behaviors for how individuals think they should behave in sexual contexts 

-Can cause problems and/or confusion for adolescents 

• Double standards in sexual norms 

-E.g.,-> females have more restrictions; males have more freedom 

• Studying sexual activity during adolescence is a difficult endeavor 

-Increased ethical restrictions 

-potentially awkward for some participants 

-Sharing sensitive information with a stranger 

-Adolescents mau exaggerate and/or downplay their experiences 

Sex Education Strategies  

-Controversial topic in the U.S 

-Many states teach abstinence-only programs 

-No evidence to suggest that these programs... 

-Delay the initiation of sexual intercourse 

-Reduce HIV risk behaviors 

-(denford et al,2017) 

Other programs emphazize contraceptive knowledge 

Such programs do not increase the rate 

Still other programs focus pm on inclusive education 

-Gender idenity 

-Sexual orientation 

-Consent 

• Works to make sure all students (including LGBTQ+ youth) 

• Recieve medically accurate and unbiased information about sexual health 

Helping 

• What does it mean to help someone? 

• Not as simple as we think 

• 5 steps to helping (Darley & Latane) 

-Notice the event 

-Interpret the situation correctly  

-Take responsibility 

-Know what to do 

-Decide to help 

Altruism: 

-Helping another person without expecting anything in return 

-Helping others at the cost of one's self 

Are humans altruistic? 

• Considerable debate on the topic  

• No-> people help others for their own personal gain 

-Feel good 

-Avoid guilt 

-Reciprocity 

-Survival of family genes 

• Yes->people help even when it is not in their best interest 

Theories of Altruism  

• Evolution Theory  

-Altruism is adaptive-Innate 

-Some debate on this 

-Evolution theory focuses on survival of the fittest  

-Why would we put ourselves at risk to protect someone else? 

• It makes more sense to help someone you are related to than to help a stranger 

• Cognitive Theory  

-Importance of prosocial behaviors become more apparent over time 

-As children develop intellecrtually,they start to understand the importance of prosocial behavior 

-Altruism develops over time  

Age-Related trends in Altruism  

• 2- to 3-year-olds try to comfort distressed playmates  

              -Not as likely to make self-sacrificial behaviors 

•  4-to 6-year-olds start to perform more real helping acts 

• Adolescents are sensitive to peer pressure 

-Likely to engage in prosocial behavior if deemed desirable by peers 

What is morality? 

• Set of principles that... 

-Cause us to experience pride/shame as we act on violate these standards 

-Motivates us to act based on this distinction alllows us to determine right from wrong 

• ABCs of morality  

-Affect--> pride/shame 

-Behavior--> how we act 

-Cognitions-->how the think about whats right/wrong 

Discipline & Morality 

• Love withdrawal  

-Withholding attention, approval, affection 

-Creates anxiety 

• Power assertion 

-Exerting authority 

-Spanking, withdrawing privileges, physical restraint 

• Induction 

-Explaining why a behavior is wrong and how/why it should be changed 

-focus on the consequences of wrongdoing 

Testing Morality 

• Imagine the following scenario 

• Heinz dilemma-his wife gets a rare disease, the cure was only from pharmacist but he charged to much, Heniz broke in and stole it to save his wife 

Developing Moral Reasoning  

Lawrence Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Reasoning 

Preconventional moraliry (up to age 9) 

“follow the rules because if you dont, youll get in trouble;if you do, you mightt get a treat” 

Conventional morality(early adolescence) 

“follow the riles because we get along better if everyone does the right thing” 

Postconvential Morality(late adolescence/adulthood) 

“Sometimes riles need to be set aside to pursue higher principles” 

Q&A 

Which level of moral reasoning is being use? 

1.Looting is a problem if everyone did it there would be escalating chaos and greater damage to the economy. 

Conventional 

2. Looting is generally wrong yet morally right when your family's survival seems to depend on it  

Post convectional 

3. Looting is wrong because you might ger punished but if no one is punished thats a sign that its okay  

Pre conventional 

Preconventional Morality 

• Stage 1: Punishment vs. Obedience 

-The goodness or badness of the act depends on its consequences  

• Authority is outside the individual 

-Rules are fixed 

• Stage 2: Individual Interests 

-Person conforms to rules in order to accomplish a goal (e.g. reward) 

-”You scratch my back and ill scratch yours” 

• Stage 3: Good boy or Good Girl 

-Laws are internalized but not questioned 

-uphold social norms  

-Behave good to be seen as good 

• Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order 

-Child becomes aware of society's laws 

-Obey rules to uphold law and avoid guilt 

-Laws are meant to preserve social order 

What is Socialization? 

• Children/adolescents develop beliefs, values, and behaviors desired by society  

• Serves three specific purposes 

-Regulate behaviors(emotions) 

• Establishes social order 

-Properly socialized children will become productive/prosocial members of society 

-Likely to appropriately socialize their own children 

• Social Systems 

-There are a number so social systems that impact socialization 

-Religous 

-Media 

-Peers 

-Family 

Revisiting the Ecological Model 

The Family 

• Two or more persons who have emotional ties and responsiblities to one another  

-Individuals related by... 

-Birth 

-Marriage 

-Adoption 

-Choice 

• Early research focused on mother--> child and nuclear families 

• Modern perspective focus on family as a system 

-Reciprocal relationships 

-Constantly evolving  

• Families are developing and embedded systems 

• The family is a holistic structure 

-Interrelated parts that affect one another 

• Direct effects:Pair of fmaily memebers affect and are affected by each other 

• Indirect effects:Addition of a third party affects the pair 

Parenting  

• Recall attachment  

-Secure vs. Insecure 

-Warm sensitive parents--> Secure attachment  

-Children more likely to explore if they view their parent as a secure base 

• Around 2 years of age parents start to teach children how to (or not to) behave 

Components of Good Parenting  

• Research on “good parenting” (Barber, 1997) 

• Connection  

-Show love  

-Listen  

-Provide support 

-Show respect 

-Talk about differences 

-Be a role model 

Components of Good Parenting 

• Research on “good parenting” (Barber 1997) 

• Autonomy  

-Emotional Autonomy  

-Adolescents are becoming Indvidual's  

• Behavioral/Decisional Autonomy  

-Set limits  

-give reasonable choices 

-be open to negotiation 

-Independence in stages 

-Help teens become future oriented 

-Guide>Control  

-Let adolescents make mistakes 

Parenting & Development 

• Also differences in parental control 

-Can have lasting effects on development 

• Behavioral Control  

-Regulating adolescents behavior through reasonable discipline and monitoring 

-Well behave & less likely to engage in deviant activites 

• Psychological control 

-Regulating adolescents behavior through manipulation,shame, and gulit 

-E.g., parent shaming  

-Poor developmental outcomes 

-Poor academic performance  

-Association with deviant peers 

-Antisocial conducts 

The Changing Family 

• Families are developing and embedded systems 

-Adoptive families 

-Postponed marriage  

-Decreased childbearing  

-Fewer stay at home parents 

• divorce rates 

-SIngle paret families 

-Blended families 

-Same sex parents 

-Donor Insemination families 

-Sestemenmoic status 

Stress vs. Toxic Stress 

• Stress 

-Some stress can be beneficial (i.e.,eustress) 

-Teaches the child/adolescent how to respond to his/her/their enviorment  

-Other stress can be detrimental (i.e., toxic stress) 

-Natural disasters, abuse/neglect,chronic fear 

• Toxic stress can alter a developing persons brain (Radley et at., 2004) 

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACES) 

• Potentially Tramatic events that occur in childhood and adolescence  

• For example: 

-Expereincing violence,abuse, or neglect 

-Witnessing violence in the home or community 

-Having a family memeber attempt or die by suicide 

-Parent with a substance use problem  

-Parent with mental health problems  

Regulation

Parents are still needed to regulate adolescents behaviors

-Supervision

-appropriate limits

-discipline

Parenting Styles

Atuhoritarian-Imposing rules, expect obedience

Authoritative-Demanding of Responsive

-Set reasonable rules and enforce them

-Explain reasoning behind rules

Permissive

-Submit to childrens desires

-Few demands and little to no punishment

-Parents are indulgents

Uninvolved

-Few rules or demands

-Uninvovled in childs life

-Parents dont care OR dont have time

Demandingness

High

Authorive Parenting

Low

Permissive parenting

Responsivess

High

Authorive parenting

Low

Rejecting-Neglecting Parenting

This Just In….

Lawnmower Parents

-Go to whatever lenghts nessary to prevent their child from having to face adversity,struggle,or failure

Modern Parenting Labels (In popular culture)

Attachment Parenting

-Parent(typically the mother) os always around

-Maximal parental responsiveness

Heliocopter Parenting

-Make sure children are safe andsound at all times

-”Hover” to make sure eveything is oaky at all times

Free-Range Parenting

-Gives children considerable freedom

-Teach chlidren how the real world works by exposing them to potetial failure

Tiger Parenting

-Children follow strict rules and gave to meet extremely high expectations

-Children are pushed to be the best at everything they do

-Want children to grow up to be strong and fierce