Anatomical position

● Standard position used to describe the body

○ (Front facing, standings straight, arms at side, hands facing forward, feet forward, supinated forearms)

Anatomical Relationships

● Anterior / Posterior (forward behind)

○ Eyes anterior to the brain

● Superior / Inferior (higher up on the body)

○ Head is superior to the neck

● Medial / Lateral (Towards middle or outside)

○ Nipples are lateral to the belly button

○ Away from midline of body

○ Medial is closer to line, lateral is further away

● Proximal / Distal

○ Attachments to the body

○ Proximal are closely to the point of attachment

■ Elbow is always proximal closer to the finger

○ Proximal is closest point of attachment

○ Distal is farther from point of attachment

○ Eg: arms and legs attachment to the body

○ Mainly used to describe for arms and legs

● Deep / superficial

○ Superficial is closer to the outside of the body

○ Deep is closer to the core of your body

Anatomical Planes

What you are moving through

● Frontal plane (coronal)

○ Divides the body into front and back

○ Vertical- extends to the whole body

○ Discusses movement (along a vertical plane)

● Transverse plane (horizontal)

○ Divides body into upper and lower segments

○ Moving left and right

○ Rotation on a longitudinal axis

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● Sagittal plane (median)

○ Vertical separates the body in half through the nose

○ Extends to the back

○ Divides left and right

○ Forward and back movement

○ Eg: situps, bicep curls

Anatomical Axes

The line that you are rotating around

● Horizontal axis

○ Extends one side of the body to the other

● Longitudinal axis (polar axis)

○ The longitudinal axis (also known as the polar axis) is vertical, running from head to toe.

○ A bar from the top of your head to the floor

○ Eg: Volleyball spike

● Antero-posterior axis

○ The antero-posterior axis extends from the front of the body to the back. ○ Goes through the belly button

○ Movement in frontal plane along sides

Lesson 2

Flexion

● Bending at a joint the angle decreases

● Eg: Flexion at shoulder is raising arm up

Extension

● Is the opposite of flexion

● Usually front and back movement

Abduction

● Moving away from midline of body

● Side to side

● Frontal (coronal plane)

Adduction

● Moving towards midline- opposite

○ EG: arms towards body

Movement

Plantar Flexion- Ankle flexion

● When toes are pointed

● Eg: tip Toes

Dorsiflexion: Ankle

- Bending ankle back towards skin

Supination: Wrist

● Rotating the wrist that the palm is facing forward Pronation: Wrist

● Wrist facing away

Inversion- Ankle joint

● Inverting your foot

● Standing on outer edge of foot

Eversion

● Pointing foot outwards

● Result of standing on inner edge of feet

External rotation

● Rotation body part outwards from midline ● Eg: turning toes outward

International Rotation

● Twist or turn a body part inwards towards midline

Elevation

● Refers to movement in upwards motion

● Eg hunching shoulders

Depression

● The opposite motion, movement in a downwards motion ● Eg: slouching shoulders

Circumduction

● Combinations of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction ● Eg: softball pitcher throwing a ball with “windmill” action Protraction

● Shoulders

● Movement of a body part in the anterior direction (forwards) Retraction

● Movement in the posterior direction

Protrusion/Retrusion

● Forward backward movement of the mandible (jaw) ● Eg: underbite overbite movement

Opposition

● Grasping of the thumb and fingers