WORLD CULTURES

https://quizlet.com/996539216/afro-eurasia-transformations-1200-1450-overview-flash-cards/?i=6cggl7&x=1jqt

Afro-Eurasia Overview  .

1200-1450 

What were the big changes that happened in 1200-1450 Afro Eurasia?

• Dramatic expansions

• Networks of exchange

• Linked regions

• Trade

• Conquests

• Systems and beliefs

What two factors permitted the expansion of networks in this era?

• The power of the Mongols

• The spread of Islam

What does the GDP data tell us?

• That 1200-1450 had an increase in money due to long-distance trade

How did the expansion of trade to East Africa change the cities on the Swahili coast?

• They used to be small agricultural territories but then became large trade centers and cities ruled by Kings. 

What is some evidence that the Swahili city-states brought together different worlds.?

• The connection of the Bantu-speaking world caused the Swahili states to connect two worlds. The Cties made larger Atlantic trades

What were the consequences of the new interconnections of trade networks? 

• New technologies 

• Rise of Great Zimbabwe

• Religions spread

• New trade routes

• Diseases spread

• Bubonic plaque

Before 1200-1450 what did the world look like?

• There was little to no contact between humans of other territories. 

Which mighty empire arose early in this era and where did they conquer? 

• The Mongols

• Korea to East Europe

In what way did large empires allow for creation and expansion of long distance trade routes and how did these trade routes transform society?

• They allowed for long distance trade

• They made the trade routes safer, faster.

• They revived the silk road

• Allowed new goods and ideas to spread

In what ways did the network based on islamic faith in Afro Eurasia allow for expansion during this period?

• It had law set beliefs that individuals followed, allowing trade routes to be safer and allowing for the spread of trade and islam. 

What major event occured between 1346-1351? 

• Bubonic plague. 

What were the three important technologies that spread during this period?

• Compass

• Astrolabe

• Gun powder

Communities

Small communities governed by elders related by ancestry;

• Chieftaincy, in which an individual had the power to make decisions over a community;

• Kingdoms with highly established bureaucracies, often closely tied to religion. The ruler may have inherited the throne, been selected from wealthy or powerful families, or even been elected;

• City-states focused on trade, often ruled by assemblies of merchants;

• Confederations—alliances of several states—often arose in regions where collective security was important;

• Empires, with a core community or state conquering and ruling others

• Most of these types of communities—excluding chieftaincies and communities ruled by elders—can be called states. State is the formal term we use to describe a country. States are communities ruled over by an organized and unified government. 

Religion in Communities 

Islam

• Islam and the Islamic empire went hand in hand with each other. 

• The religious leader was also the caliphate(leader in Islam) and led the empire

• Islam spread all over the world and they encourage but not force, people to join their religion. 

• They majorly impacted West Africa. Especially Mansa Musa with his Haj 

• Even when the empire fell, Islam still spread and is still really popular today

Southeast Asia

• China had many religions but Buddhism and Hinduism were the most popular. 

• Buddhism didn’t worship a god, but inner peace.(pathway to enlightenment) 

• Hinduism originated in India and in polytheistic(worship many gods) 

• Hinduism was more useful to the leaders and the Brahims(priestly people) had a strong alliance.

• In Southeast Asia the monks and nuns had politically relevance. 

• Most populations had multiple religions in them, so no kingdom communities forced conversion. 

China 

-Both Daoism and buddhism were present in the state of China

-the government promoted confusion because it said the people should follow the government and their superiors rather than themselves

Christendom 

• Christian church rules held alliances with the rulers of the kingdom

• The popes had high power and could compete with the King. 

• The Pope could raise armies and take territories from their King or other Kingdoms

• The popes could also excommunicate people from the church. (Explosions them from the Christian community) 

• The catholic church was holding the cultural world together

Bantu / Africans

• The Africans believed in ancestors and worshiped ancestors. 

• They were confederations so a few people had the power to heal disagreements

• Sometimes the religious leaders were the actual leaders, this is true for some other places in Afro-Eurasia

The Mongols

• The Mongols promoted atheism 

• They allowed others to keep their religions but they had to pay a tax for them

• They sponsored temples and churches

• They accepted religious pluralism

Islam

Who received the messages from God?

• Muhammed 

What are the five pillars of Islam? 

Faith, prayer, charity, pilgrimage, fasting

What is the Hadith?

• The words and statements of Muhammed. Collections of stories and traditions of him too. 

How far did Islam spread in the first century after the death of Muhammad?

• Spain to india

• East to the west 

• Arabian peninsula

How did Islam spread from 750-100?

• Through conquests, merchants, tradesman, mystics

What do most historians agree on about early islam?

• Muhammad existed

• Moved to Arabia

• He claimed he heard from god

• Islam spread quickly over Eurasia Afro

Mali 

How were the Sub-Saharan histories preserved?

• By oral tradition

• Helps retain memory

• People memorize the odyseey for years before they had written it down

Why was Mansa Musa’s haj so important? 

• He had 1000-60000 people

• He caused the decline in gold worth

What was Mali like when Mansa Musa ruled it?

• It was a rich kingdom that followed islam. Musa was muslim 

• Islam was for the elite

• Many people had their own beliefs mixed with islam.

What kinds of states were built along the eastern coast of africa at this time and how were they linked?

• City states

• Language

• Trade

• Religion

• Ruled by kings

Why did scholars believe the city-states of the Swahili coast were made by the arabs?

• They believed Africans were uncivilized and unable to create city-states of their own. Internalized racism. 

What kinds of goods were traded? 

• Ivory

• Slaves

• Animal hides

• Timber

• gold

Mongols

How did the mongo migratory patterns affect their production and distribution?

• Migrated based on climate to feed animals

• They were nomads and traded with settle groups

Why were the Mongols more egalitarian than many societies?

• They worked with a woman to kept their social order.

• They need women to work and trade but not fight in wars. 

Which polices did Genghis Khan use to unite the Mongol confederation

• Promoted merits rather than ancestry and family relations

• Brought the lower class into his community and got rid of the rich. 

How did the adaptability of the Mongols build their empire?

• They interrogated prisoners

• Adopted gun powder

• Built ships to attack by sea

• Seige warfare on catsles and fortifications. 

How did the mongols affect trade and exchange across Eurasia?

• Vauled trade because they taxed it

• Revived the Silk Road

• Made trade safer

• Free trade zones

What was the yam system?

• Pony express system

• Relay system

• Delivery system of goods, messages. Antique Amazon

How did the mongols recruit people to work with them?

• They found people who were good at jobs and relocated them to where they needed to be to work

• Based on merit and qualifications 

What did the Mongols have to do with the Black death of 1346?

• Opened up vertex for disease

• Threw dead bodies over wallas as a military tactic

• Allowed trade which spread the dieases further through flies rats and other animals. 

Pre-colonial Video and aztecs Video

caribbeans

What were the first two major moments of migration to the caribbean islands and when did these take place? 

• 5000 bce South America and central america

• 500 Bce south america

What types of information can archaeologists learn by doing this? 

• Diet

• Food

• Housebuilding

• Burial services

• Trade

• Transport

• How they integrated with their environment

• If they fished. 

What were the belief systems?

• Equalitarian society 

• Believed in ancestors

• Made offerings

• Hade special burial sites

• Mythology

• Believed in icons and beings

• Different gods had different powers

• More powerful icons have powerful gods

How do we know there was trade between the caribbean and south and central america?

• Teeth of animals 

• Items founded from opposite islands. 

How did the indigenous Carribean people help the spanish and what happened after?

• Translator

• Guides

• Exchanged knowledge

• They were enslaved

• Put into mines 

• Encomienda system 

Who were the Kaliango and where did they settle after the arrival of the spanish? 

• Resisted Spanish control

• Lesser antilles hid in places where the spanish didnt want to conquer. 

Aztecs

What did the Aztecs have in common with greece?

• City states

What was the triple alliance and what context did it develop?

• Tenochiltan

• Texeco

• Tlacopan

• Conquered the azcapotzalco

• Developed wars

• Were dependent on eachother

• Formed the aztec empire

How did the system of city states help Hernado Cortes conquer teh aztec empire?

• Common enemy caused them all to join

• Tens of thousands soldiers were recruited.

• Issues with mexico/aztec empire

What evidence proves teh Aztecs were advanced?

• Dam systems

• Math 

• Engineering

• Physics

• Road systems

How did the Aztec political communties differ from the Maya political communities?

• Aztec was a tributary empire

• Maya was an automonous city state. (free state, sovereign) 

The americas 

Haudenosaunee

Made from 5 waring tribes

• They claimed peace at the Great Tree of Peace

• Are a confederation 

• The agreement of not to fight was written in the Hiawatha wampum belt.

• Each tribe relied on a marchinal hierarchy and a men’s council to govern the peopl

Aztecs

• Did map making, calender making, music making, ritual making, record keeping

• Left their ancestral home Altzan looking for a sign “and eagle on a cactus with a snake in its mouth 

• Went to toltec and settled with their religious center as the tultan, worshipped a god called Quetzalcoatl(Quetzalcoatl, the feathered serpent in the stone boat

• Fled their home and in 1325 found their sign in mexico and it was called tenochitlan 

• Aztecs sacrificed humans so the world wouldn’t end after 52 years

• The conquered other areas for food and bodies for sacrifice and tributes 

• Didn’t intergrate their people

• Streched their empire as far as texas 

• Left the Tlaxcala and in modern Michoacán alone in order to provide nearby opponents for warfare that supplied prisoners to

sacrifice.

Mayapan 

• They were gone by the 1200 and got taken over by the toltec(neighboring state to the aztecs). They shared their culture and followed the god of the aztecs

• Traded cotton and salt and was important

• Also became the political and cultural center for Yucataen Maya civilization

• Math, calenders, atromical acheivements

• Abandoned in 1450

Incas

• Established 1100

• Most significant

• Origin is from the sun god Viracocha, they believe he is their father and they are his children

• The mother and father had kids and established the kingdom of Cusco the inca capital

• Went on conquestas

• Forced people to follow their gods and their own gods at the same time

• Collect tributes: cotton, potatoes, maize, alpacas, llamas, pottery, wool tapestries, and objects, some from gold, silver, or copper.

• Imperial system had a network of officials

• Road systems were better than europes

• Had messengers that can travel to cusco to quito in 1 week 

• Used string systems to keep records

• Celebrated the inti Raymi festival on june 24 to honor their sun god

• Created temples and to honor inti: only religious leaders were allowed in side. 

• Priests took care of the buildings and made offerings

• Priestess prepared food, wove clothes for the sapa inca and the most pretty was sacrificed to the god inti

• Inca spiritual leaders were called shamans: they warned of natural distaters, performed healings, and sucked the dirt through an animal bone to interact with the spirit world

• Believed that crops and animals had spirits so only the best was sacrificed. 

• Inca traditions are still important to the Andrea and persians today. 

Communities of movement

Pueblo

How does the story of the ancestral pueblo challenge world-historical narratives about agriculture and complex societies?

• 500ce Because they created cities and long distance trade but were somewhat nomads.

How does Therease characterize thePueblo origin stories?

• Different stories based on who says them

• Oral

• Coming into a world is going through a journey

• Based on ancestors

• no  written language or alphabet

Why are origin stories still important today?

• Relevancy, shows different identities

• Scientific knowledge

• Cultural context

• Historical knowledge of the past

What strategies did the pueblo people use to thrive on the colorado plateau?

• Moved to where they could farm

• Used aerodynamics to blow snow up to farms

• irrigation

Describe the movement of the ancestral pueblo people?

• They moved like waves

• Not linear

• Where ever they could find good land

Incas

Who was Paracuti?

• The ninth ruler of the Kingdom of cusco 

• He had a aggressive effort of expansion

What did the incas call themselves? What did inca mean?

• Tuwantisuyu - the four regions

• Inca meant king/ruler

What made the inca an empire?

• When they conquer another groups land and started taking tributes from them.

• Forced assimation

How many people were living in the inca empire prior to its decline?

-10 million people

What was the mit’a system?

Where they had to dedicate their actual labor to the empire. 

Lasted for 100 years (inca empire) 

Oceania 

Melanesia 

• up the densely-populated region of New Guinea 

• and also a large number of pretty closely packed islands

•  from New Guinea to Fiji.

Micronesia

• More spread out 

• Included the marian and majol chains

Polynesia

• Gradually populated the far flung islands

• Were voyagers (like moana) 

• Center: Kuki Airani (cook island)

• And Totaiete ma (society islands) 

• Larger communities were formed in the Hawaiian chan

• In aotearoa (New Zeleand) where the Maori people spoe a polynesian language. 

• Furthest extent was Rapa Nui (eastern island) settled about 1700 

1. How do historians believe that humans ended up settling the islands of Oceania? What debate surrounds this question?

• They believe it was either unentenional, their boat lost track, or they mindlessly sailed there. 

2. What were the most important innovations that allowed migrations across Oceania?

• Sail driven canoes

• The ability to read the wind and sea

3. In general, how did communities in this region organize themselves?

• They were related by culture and languages

• The aboriginals was equalitarian and had a leadership that only males could rule. They were a chiefancy 

• Maori was divided into clans and states called iwis composed of whanaus( families) important chiefs irangatira ariki

• Hawaii- similar to Aotereoa had rival kingdoms, extended family, the village, the clan are the most important political institutions.

• Hawaii and Moari have no written languages - oral traditon

4. How does the article describe gender relations in societies in Oceania?

• Women are almost equal to men- they can rule

• Women have power in the society in a different area then men do

• In Samoan there is a third gender- male females who takes care of children and elders

5. What evidence do the authors use to argue that Oceania was not separated from the rest of the world?

• Archaeologists found a set of traded goods; stone tools from somaon and marquesas 1.500 mi away - obsidian

• Language shows they are connect. Madagascar has half african half Southeast Asian

• DNA shows South Americans went to Oceania in 1200-1300 CE

GUILDS

2:10 How do Nick and Trevor describe the Afro-Eurasian trade system in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries?

• They had a large connect trading system

• Vast network

• Archipelago 

• Complex trading system

• Interdependent

• Overlapping

• World class system

3:00 Why did people in Flanders and northern Italy buy English wool?

• Flanders is Netherlands

  • Good at producing cloth

  • Weren’t good at making wool

  • So bought it from England

4:20 Who produced wool in England?

• Large portion of the population

• Peasants had flocks of sheep

• Clergy owned a lot of sheep

• Nobility had a lot of sheep

6:36 How did the wool trade empower the merchant classes? What role did guilds play in this process?

• Merchants class/higher status

• Gained alot of money

• Guild gave community value to the product

• Precursor to a union

8:00 Why was wool important for England?

• It was the king of merchandise and was so valuable

• The king traded heavily in wool which meant it was a sovereign merchandise. 

Silk and Song Dynasty 

2:12 According to Francesca, where was silk produced in the era of the Song Dynasty, and what were some of the most important export markets?

• Song region Xia and Jin

• India, vietnam, Korea, europe, phillipeans

4:52 According to Professor Xiaolin Duan, how did the economy work during the Song Dynasty? Who made silk, in particular?

• State involvement 

  • National road and canal system

  • Linjing office make silk

  • Export

  • Transportation

• Privat industry 

  • Local industry 

  • Urban workshop

  • Household production

5:33 Other than clothing, what other uses were there for silk?

• Used as a form of currency (paying troops) 

• Gift as tribute

6:36 According to Professor Duan, was the silk trade part of a wider Afro-Eurasian trading system? How?

• Government does export and so merchants

• Yes it was Indian ocean trade route and Silk Road

9:06 What does the Pictures of Tilling and Weaving tell us about who did most of the work to produce silk?

• Female centered practice

• Younger and older ladies 

• Women with babies

• Family base productions

• Gendered economy

• Empowers woman

11:13 Does Professor Duan believe that there was an industrial revolution in China in this period? What evidence is there for it?

• Yes 

• Using of coal - industrialization 

• Production of iron

• New technologies

• Documentation of innovations

Differences

• Less concentration of wealth

•  More laborers less machines

Archipelago of Trades, Trans Saharan Routes, Indian Ocean Routes

Archipelago of Trades

• Why is the Afro-Eurasian system of long-distance trade described as an archipelago?

• System ignored vast rural area. Teh cities were like islands of production in a sea of rural areas

• What was the effect of the Mongol Empire on trade?

• CHinggi Khan protected scholars, artisans and administrators, permitting the whole of Afro-Eurasia to enjoy a unique period of commercial and intellectual trade

• They made it safer

• What role did this regional trade network play in helping Johannes Gutenberg create his printing press?

• Many products and technologies from china reached europe this way including the technology used by Johannes Gutenburg

• What impact did annual fairs have on the European economy? 

• These fairs helped boost production especially in wool textiles

• What was one negative effect of interconnected trade?

• Black death

- Trans Saharan Routes

What was the “ship of the desert,” and what made it so important to the Trans-Saharan trade?

• Camels 

• They were superior to horses

• They can travel without water for ten days

• Carry heavy loads

• Travel long distances

• Why were pastoralists important to the Trans-Saharan trade?

  • Because they were desert caravan guids called bebers.

  • Provided safety and acted as guides and trading partners.

• The author argues that these trade routes reached their peak from the twelfth to fifteenth centuries. What changes caused this?

  • When african states started working with bebers

• Why did the rulers of West African kingdoms regulate the movement of merchants through their territory?

  • To guard the secret location of their gold mines to the south

  • Source of income

  • Taxed and controlled trade

• The author argues that, though Islam arrived in West Africa before this period, local religions remained important long after its arrival. Why was this?

  • Because most of the population wasn’t urban or merchant/ruling class

  • Only merchants and urban areas converted to islam.

Indian Ocean Routes

• What enabled the vast trading system of the Indian Ocean? How?

• The great cities along the shores of the indian ocean

• Monsoon winds change direction of the same time every year

Where were the busiest ports in the Indian Ocean? Why?

• Indian cities like calicut

• Half way point between west and east halves

• Wind takes round trip only a year

How did the rise of empires help expand the trade?

• Brining many regions under one imperial system

• Wealth encouraged trade abd brought stability.

The author argues that the most important factor driving trade was cultural. What does he mean?

• The expansions of Islam connected diverse parts of the system more than any empire

• Some governments cut down prices if they were muslim

What important aspect of the Indian Ocean trade does the author say are highlighted by the Zheng He voyages?

• The indian ocean trade was peaceful

• Merchants traded freely

• No one tried to take over the trade routes. (They tried to though) 

World religions

What is the Jewish diaspora, and how did it influence Judaism in the period from 1200 to 1450?

• Although they managed to unify for a time in the first millennium BCE, their small states were conquered by a succession of other people. 

• Disposal of Jews, not centralized prizes

• Communal rapids 

• Led to persecution by Christians

What effect did the development of Hinduism have on societies in South Asia?

• Hinduism began to incorporate new ideas from some local fathers and practices of religions

• New ideas from faith spend

• Social classes families

To what does the author attribute the spread of Buddhism? Where did it spread?

• Prince Siddhartha Guatama

• China, Vietnam, Korea, japan

• Stem from Hinduism and decentralization. 

How did interaction with the Roman Empire change the development of early Christianity?

• It became quite hierarchical 

• Splits of the religion happened in differnt regions: greek, ethiopian, roman

• Support of roman empire meant a large and centralized church would be built. 

• Religion ties to government

What are the five pillars of islam?

• Prayer

• Faith

• Charity

• Pilgrimage (Haj)

• Fasting

Consequences of Connectivity 

Did most people in Afro-Eurasia travel extensively between 1200-1450?

• No

In this same period, what two main religons/cultures of Afro Eurasia made the most remarkable contribution to technology throughout other regions?

• Islam and hinduism/buddhism

What were some of the major technological contributions made by China and islamic world in this period?

• Magnifying glass

• The compass

• Gun powder

What different religous traditions came together is Southeast Asia in this period?

• The sufi verison of Islam

• Hinduism and Buddhism

According to the article, what shape did islam take in many of its movements and adaptations around the region

• Religon of the merchants

• Sufi brotherhood. 

Black death Crash Course 

2:43 How did migration and population density contribute to the historical rise and fall of disease rates?

• The african tropical mosquitos kept populations low

• Migration out of africa allowed for population to increase

• Germs couldn’t survive in those new areas

• Closer communties and cities called more contact

• Spread of disease due to close contact

• Warm weather spreads diseases

• Wars spread diseases

3:38 Why might hunters and gatherers have had fewer diseases than farmers or pastoralists?

• There were no cities

• Domesticted animals carry diseases

• Bird baths have standing water which is a breeding ground for bacteria

4:40 What made ancient Greece more susceptible to disease?

• Climate

• More trade

• Plague in athens due to wars

• Interactions with outsiders

• Displacement

• War and diease

8:34 What are some world historical effects of plague?

• Fall of yuan dynasty

• Kick started europe economically 

• ⅓ people died

• More critical of Christianity

• Build structures different (wood and straw to bricks rocks)

9:10 Did the Black Death or the Great Dying have more fatalities? Why did one have much higher mortality rates?

• Great dying killed 90% of people

• Natives in america

• They have no vaccinations so they had no immunity

• South central north

9:36 How did population density and disease contribute to European colonization in the Americas?

• European Explorers in America introduced disease

• Europe has more people, density

• Europe took over since 90% of natives were dead.

10:33 Why do we have relatively lower disease rates now? Why are disease rates in danger of rising again?

• Massive increase in medicine and doctor study

• Innoculation

• Antibiotics

• Drug resisting bacteria is becoming a threat

  • Aka tuberculosis

Places to know

Aztec empire- Lower North America

Songhai - Africa (Mansa Musa and Mali

Mamluk Sultanate- (Islam, arabian peninsula) Mecca

Inca- West coast of South America

Ottoman empire- used to be byzantine, Europe

Timurid Empire- modern day Afghanistan and other stans

Malacca Sultante- involved with trade 

Ming empire- Used to be the Mongols Empire

Iroquis confederation - The natives

England- English wool trading

World Cultures Study Guide

The Renaissance Overview Reading and ?s

Describe the term Renaissance in your own words.  Include where it was initially located, why it happened, and what it focused on.

• The term is French for rebirth

• Describes a phase of European history where changes in revival in learning, classical art, and intellect of Ancient Greece of Rome were explored 

• Greek influence in much of the Roman works of the time. The art, architecture, literature, science, and philosophy that surfaced during the Renaissance was so reminiscent of this ancient past, that it seemed as though Europe was reborn during the late Middle Ages.  

How can humanism be described (in your own words)?  Include how individualism is linked to this idea.

• At its core is humanism, the philosophy of the Renaissance.  Humanism can best be described as the rediscovery of man as an individual. 

•  Art emphasized: real life, more realistic, anatomy was studied, perspective–background was smaller than foreground–, use of light and shadow.

• Writers like Thomas More(the book Utopia) and Shakespeare(Romeo and Juliet) wrote about real-life problems and people in real life

The Renaissance in Europe is acknowledged to have started in Italy.  What was the status of Italy at that point in time in terms of government and trade?

• At the start of the Renaissance, Italy was not the unified country it is today. 

• The Italian Peninsula was instead made up of a number of independent city-states, most of which were ruled by powerful families. 

• Florence: Birthplace of Renaissance

  •  a city-state with self-government which was run by wealthy merchants. 

  • merchants enabled the connection between Europe and the East through the Silk Road. 

  • As a result of the profitable trade that brought these merchants great wealth, 

  • the Renaissance was financed by these merchants who commissioned individual artists to practice of papacy (of the the office or authority of the Pope)

Describe the concept of ‘sinners by nature.’  How did that change during the Renaissance?

•  people despised the world and concentrated on getting into heaven.

•  purpose of learning was to understand God’s will. 

• All people had dignity and worth and deserved the respect of others. 

• Further, each person should live life to the fullest and welcome new experiences.

•  Each person should better themselves in the world rather than wait for a happy life in heaven.

Were people of the Renaissance considered to be religious?

• everyone was religious during the Renaissance.

•  the ideas of humanism are not in opposition to religion, 

• many paintings dealt with religious subjects

• Humanism was a balance between religious faith from the heart and reason from the brain.

2.1.2 Renaissance Guided Notes

Part 1- Renaissance Origins in Europe

What does Renaissance mean?

• Renaissance means ‘rebirth’

What is the period?

• 1350-1600 

• 14th century to 17 century 

What was it considered a rebirth of?

• Of Classical Civilization

• Revival of Ancient Greece and Roman civilization

• The transition from medieval to modern

• Cultural awakening

• Focus on humanism 

Where did it originate in Europe?

• Florence, Italy 

Was Italy a formed and centralized state?  How would it be described?

• City-states (not countries, independent states with loose ties) avoided the economic crises of other larger kingdoms

• Crossing point between east and west

• Rulers and merchants were wealthy and used the money to patronize government projects, education, and the arts

• Strong town life

Renaissance thinkers had a few goals they were trying to achieve:

• Sought to bring Europe out of  Disunity and disorder

• Placed greater emphasis on individualism achievements

• Tried to understand the world with more accuracy

There were four major city-states in Italy.  Describe each:

• Florence

• B on the Map

• Birthplace of Renaissance,

•  believe themselves to be the 2nd Rome, 

• 5th largest city in Europe

• Ruled by the Medici family

• Minted first gold coin in 1252

• Venice

  • C on map 

  • Major port city on the Adriatic Sea

  • The link between Asia and Western Europe

  • The Republic government is controlled by a council of merchants, 

  • overseen by a doge (duke)

• Rome

  • D 

  • The papacy returned in 1420 after the Great Schism

  • Pope and cardinals the wealthiest class

  • Lots of city rebuilt including St Peter’s Basilica

  • Renaissance shifts from Florence to Rome (3rd largest city)

  • Pope ruled Rome(Church ruled Rome)

• Milan

  • Not on the map, nothing about it in the slides

How was the Renaissance idea of perspective applied?

• Draw people as they appear in real life

  • Studied anatomy

  • Flesh, muscle, and bone

  • Used perspective

• Things in the foreground are larger than things in the background

  • The use of shadows and light created dimension (3D)

  • Write about people as they appear in real life

  • Present real people with real human problems in this world

Describe Humanism, the philosophy of the Renaissance.

• The philosophy of the Renaissance

  • Rediscovery of man as an individual

  • Affirms his ability to improve life through reason rather than submitting blindly to tradition or authority

  • Believed that education should stimulate creativity

  • They emphasized the study of various humanities

    • Grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history

Part 2- The Northern Renaissance

How did the Renaissance spread to northern Europe?  Describe each major concept:

• Trade

  • Venice was the “big winner” in trade and shipped goods north over the Alps to the rest of Europe

• Travel

  • Artists and scholars moved to spread their techniques/ideas

• Printed Materials

  • Gutenberg’s printing press made Renaissance works more readily available and widespread

  • Responsible for the evolution of printing, around 1440

  • Expanded on the Chinese idea of movable type, enhanced production via metal casting

  • Printed a complete version of the Christian Bible into German this way

  • His developments were revolutionary and transformed Europe

    • Pre-1453 - only a few thousand books

    • By 1500 - 15-20 million books

    • By 1600 - 150-200 million books

  • Mass production led to more affordable books

    • Books became less time-consuming and easier to make

  • Because books became more readily available, more people learned to read and write

  • Printing influenced religious and secular thought

    • Educated Europeans became exposed to new ideas that expanded their horizons

    • As a result, religious turmoil arose because more people became informed

Part 3 Artist and Writers 

• Artists

  • Paintings and sculptures looked like real people

  • Show human nature (warts/flaws)

• Writers

  • Portray real people

  • Have high ideals but show how humans fall short

  • Are realistic and critical of human beings

  • Are humorous

Describe the following influential artists- what they created, where they were from, and how they were influential:

• Michelangelo

  • Born in 1475 in a small town near Florence,

  •  considered to be one of the most inspired men who ever lived

  • Michelangelo created his masterpiece David in 1504.

  • About a year after creating David, Pope Julius II summoned Michelangelo to Rome to work on his most famous project, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. 

  • Creation of Eve

  • Creation of Adam

  • Separation of Light and Darkness

  • The Last Judgment

  • La Pieta  1499 Marble Sculpture

  • Moses

• DaVinci

  • 1452-1519

  • Painter, Sculptor, Architect, Engineer

  • Genius

  • Mona Lisa

  • Last Supper

  • Notebooks( inventions of flying machines, anatomy, and other stuff) 

• Raphael

  • Painter

  • 1483-1520

  • The School of Athens

  • Pythagoras

  • Socrates

  • Plato and Aristotle

  • Euclid

  • Zoroaster & Ptolemy

• Van Eyck

  • Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife (1434)

  • Northern Renaissance

  • Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife (detail)

• Erasmus

  • Dutch humanist

  • Desiderius Erasmus

  • Pushed for a Vernacular form of the Bible

    • “I disagree very much with those who are unwilling that Holy Scripture, translated into the vernacular, be read by the uneducated . . . As if the strength of the Christian religion consisted in the ignorance of it”

  • The Praise of Folly

    • Used humor to show the immoral and ignorant behavior of people, including the clergy(Clergy are formal leaders within established religions).  He felt people would be open-minded and be kind to others.

• Sir Thomas More

  • English Humanist

  • Wrote: Utopia 

    • A book about a perfect society

    • Believed men and women live in harmony.  No private property, no one is lazy, all people are educated and the justice system is used to end crime instead of executing criminals.

• William Shakespeare

  • English Writer

    • Wrote: Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, 100’s of other plays 

  • Focused on the humanity of characters

  • Introduced modern classical comedy

    • Expanded English language

2.1.5 Differences Between the Italian and Northern Renaissance

Scientific Revolution

• How did discoveries in science lead to a new way of thinking for Europeans?

  • In the mid-1500s, a profound shift in scientific thinking brought the final break with Europe’s medieval past. 

  • At the heart of this Scientific Revolution was the assumption that mathematical laws governed nature and the universe. 

  • Therefore, people could know, manage, and shape the physical world.

• Until the mid-1500s, Europeans accepted the idea that the Earth was the center of the universe.

  • This geocentric view was developed in ancient times by Aristotle and Ptolemy.

  • By the Renaissance, it had become official Church doctrine.

Scientific Scientists

• Nicolaus Copernicus’ Heliocentric model - Sun-centered model of the universe and the earth is one of several planets that revolve around the sun

• Tycho Brahe - Provided evidence to support Copernicus’s theory, he set up an astronomical observatory to accumulate data about movements in the sky

• Johannes Kepler - Assistant to Brahe who used his data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun, his calculations supported Copernicus

• Galileo Galilei - Assembled an astronomical telescope, he became the first person to see mountains on the moon and asserted that Jupiter’s moons operated exactly how Copernicus said the earth moves around the sun

• Isaac Newton - Invented calculus as a basis for uniformed natural laws and provided mathematics as a basis for explaining all motions 

• Paracelsus- looked at the chemical causes behind sickness to treat patients

• Francis Bacon - Along with Descartes, rejected Aristotle’s assumptions and stressed the need for experimentation and observation 

• Rene Descartes - Emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding, realized that doubt was the only thing he couldn’t question “I think, therefore I am”

• Andreas Vesalius - Published the first accurate and detailed study of human anatomy, provided careful and clear drawings which corrected errors from the past

• William Harvey - Described the circulation of the blood for the first time, he showed how the heart served as a pump to force blood through veins and arteries

• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - Perfected the single-lens microscope, was the first human to see cells and microorganisms (bacteria), often called the founder of microbiology

• Robert Boyle - Explained all matter was composed of tiny particles and behave in certain ways, showed how temp. & pressure affected gases

Over time, scientists developed a step-by-step scientific method. It required the collection of accurate data and the proposal of a logical hypothesis to be tested.

Reformations and Counter reformation 

Who, When, Where?

• Issues with the Catholic Church

• 1500’s

• Europe

• Protestant religious groups are created as a result

Causes of the Reformation

• Humanists attack of Catholic Church abuses

• Luther- Catholic Church theology brought into question

• Printing Press- allowed for ideas to be easily spread

• Division within the Holy Roman Empire (HRE) made it impossible to stop ideas

Causes- Humanists Attack on the Catholic Church

• Anticlericalism- clerics are leaders of the Church

• Erasmus- In Praise of Folly

• Criticized Catholic Church for forgetting about spiritual needs of individuals

• Original Scriptures should provide model for Christian living

Causes of the Reformation

• Church had become concerned with power

  • Popes competed with Italian princes for power and plotted against powerful monarchs who tried to seize control of the church within their lands

• Popes led lavish lives and had to fund them

  • Charged fees to offset patronage

    • Services such as marriages and baptisms

  • Indulgences

    • Pardon that lessened the time of punishment faced for sins committed during a person’s lifetime

    • Could be bought with money/gift to the church

    • Only the rich could afford to buy them

    • Previously, indulgences were awarded for good deeds

  • Many Christians protested these practices

  • Erasmus called for a return to simplicity

  • Stressed Bible study and rejected the extravagance of the Church

• Causes- Luther Questions Theology

  • Martin Luther

    • Doctor of Theology @ Wittenberg University

    • Abandoned the idea of God as a vengeful deity and came to see Christ as a symbol of hope

      • Justification by faith alone- sola fide

  • Accused by the Catholic Church of heresy

  • 95 Thesis

  • Address to German nobility

  • Written as a response to Luther’s revulsion of the claims Tetzel and others were making about indulgences, Oct 1517

  • Main Points

    • Attacked the doctrine of the Treasury of Merit- indulgences could only be used to forgive sins against Church law, cannot be bought or sold

    • Pope had no authority over souls in purgatory

    • Emphasis on preaching of the Gospel

    • Accused by the Catholic Church of heresy

• Causes- HRE Divisions make it impossible to stop spread

  • Superficially Strong

    • Religious Sword- wielded by the Pope

    • Secular Sword- wielded by the Emperor

  • Fundamentally Weak

    • Knights and peasants not represented

    • Cities and princes compete for influence

  • Weaknesses means they are….

    • Financially exploited by the Pope (taxes and indulgences)

    • Eager to unite themselves

• Spread of the Reformation

  • Knights/political

    • Seen as medieval throwbacks, not allowed to attend the Diet (governing body), keen to re-establish authority

  • Prince/political

    • Trying to take power back from the Church

  • Peasants social

    • Demand more rights

  • princes/religious

    • Dissolve Church institutions and use money 

• Kidnapping Luther\

  • Frederick the Wise, Prince of Saxony favored Luther and arranged his “kidnapping” to the Wartburg Castle

  • Luther took the name Junker Jörg, grew a beard and pretended to be a nobleman

• His followers took on the name protestants because they were protesting against papal authority 

• Lutheranism as a Political Tool

  • German princes saw Luther’s ideas as a chance to throw off the rule of the Church and the Holy Roman Emperor

    • Saw an opportunity to seize Church property in their territories (selfish)

    • Others embraced the new church out of nationalistic loyalty

    • Many were tired of paying to support the clergy in Italy

• Peasants took up Luther’s call to reform, hoping to gain his support for social and economic change as well

  • In 1524, they began revolting

  • Unfortunately for them, Luther was pro social order and respected political authority

• The Peace of Augsburg

  • Charles V (HRE) and Lutheran princes were at odds

    • After several brief wars, a settlement signed in 1555

      • Under this treaty, each prince chose a religion for his province, Catholic or Lutheran

        • Many in the North choose Lutheranism

        • Many in the South choose Catholicism

• Reformation Expands/Evolves

  • Reformers in Switzerland challenge the Catholic Church

    • Ulrich Zwingli, Erasmus admirer

      • Stressed the Bible and rejected the Church’s extravagance

    • Zurich city council adopted these ideas

  • John Calvin

    • French priest and lawyer

    • Became strongly influenced by the Reformation

• Calvin accepted the Lutheran ideas and added his own belief in predestination

  • God had long ago determined who would/would not gain salvation

  • There were two kinds of people, saints and sinners

  • Only the saved could truly live a Christian life

  • Reformists/Calvinists attempted to live saintly lives to demonstrate that they were among those God had elected

• Anabaptist( A new sect) 

  • Rejected infant baptism

    • Believed children should experience the world before committing to the church fully

  • Moderates were peaceful and called for religious tolerance

  • More radical factions favored abolition of private property

Catholicism, lutherans and calvinists compared

• English Reformation

  • Led by Henry VIII

    • Sought to annul marriage to wife Catherine, only borne a daughter

    • Wanted a male heir 

  • Pope refused to grant annulment

    • Henry’s supporters suggested he take over the church

      • Ended papal authority in England

    • Henry gave church property to nobles to buy their support

  • Ended decades later under Elizabeth I

    • Middle child of Henry, sought religious compromise “Elizabethan Settlement”

• Reformation Response

  • Catholic or Counter Reformation

    • Catholic Church sought to reform Catholic practices and bring back Protestants

• Council of Trent

  • Called to end corruption and worldliness in the church

    • Also settle issues of doctrine

  • Declared that salvation comes through faith and good works

Age of Exploration 

Motives and Means

• For almost  a thousand years, most European had remained in their small region of the world

  • Between 1500 and 1800, European explorers used improved sailing ships to travel and explore the rest of the world.

• Economic motives loomed large in European expansion

  • Merchants, adventures, and state officials had high hopes for expanding trade

  • Also had hopes of finding precious metals

  • Some also wanted to convert indigenous people to the catholic faith 

• New sailing technology made the voyages of discovery possible 

  • Caravel- a small, fast maneuverable ship that had a large cargo hold and usually three masts with lateen sails

• Increase knowledge pof wind patterns also helped voyages 

  • Trade winds- winds blowing south and west in the north atlantic

  • Westerlies winds blowing from th west to the east

Portuguese explorers 

• Beginning in 1420 under the sponsorship of Prince henry the navigator, portuguese fleets began probing the western coast of Africa

  • Discovered a new source of gold 

  • The southern coast on West Africa became known as the Gold  coast

• Vasco de gama went around africa and cut across the indian Ocean to the coast of India

  • After he returned to portugal he made a large profit front he cargo of the spaces he had obtained

• Portuguese flees returned to the area to take control of the spice trade form the muslims

  • Portuguese treaty signed with local rulers established Portuguese control of the spice trade

    • They had a limited empire of empire of trading posts on the coasts of india and China

  • They did not have the power, people, or desire to colonize these regions 

Spanish explorer

• Christopher Columbus believed he could reach Asia by sailing west instead of east around Africa. 

  • In October  of 1492 he reached the Americas

  • Columbus believed he had reached Asia

• Another important Spanish explorer was Ferdinand Magellan

  • In October 1520 he passed through a waterway along the tip of South America(Later called the strait of magellan 

  • As the leader of the expedition, he is remembered as the first person to sail completely around the globe 

New lands to explore

• Treaty of tordesillas- signed in 1494 which called for a boundary line extending from north to south through the atlantic ocean and the eastern most part of the South American Continent 

  • East the line was controlled by Portugal (control over is route around Africa

  • West of the line was controlled by Spain(rights to almost all of America (North))

European Rivals

• By the end of the 26th century, several European rivals ( Dutch french and english) had began to challenge the Portuguese and Spanish for colonial dominance 

  • Motivated by the promise of gold, the countries sent explorers to the americas to search for new sources of the wealth and trade opportunities 

• During 17th century, the french colonised part of what is now Canada and named it New France

• Meanwhile, English settlers were founding Virginia and the Massachusetts Bay Colony

• By the end of the 17th century, the English had established control over most of the eastern seaboard of North America

New lands to Explore  

• Soon government sponsored explorers from many European countries joined the race in the Americas 

  • John Cabot the new England coastline in 1497 on behalf of England

  • Sea captain Pedro Cabral established Portugal’s claim to the region later names Brazil

Trade Colonies and Mercantilism 

• In less than 300 years, the european age of exploration changed the world 

• European colonial expansion around the world produced a great increase in European trade 

  • One of the first steps in the development of the word economy 

• Mercantilism- a set of principles that dominated economics though in the seventeenth century; it held that the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver 

  • To bring in gold and silver payemens, nations tried to have a favorable balance of trade

• To encourage esports, governments stimulate the growth of industries and trade

  • Granted subsides( payments to support enterprises the government thinks are beneficial) to new industries

  • Improve transportation system by building roads, bridges, and canals

Columbian Exchange 

• Trid to build wealth by increased exporrtso good from produces at home to colonial markets overseas

• Resulting exchange of plants and animals between Europe and the Amercicas is known as the Columbian Exchanges 

• Colonization and trade drove the Columbian Exchange 

  • Plantation- a large agricultural estate 

• The exchange of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas transformed the economic activity on both sides of the atlantic

  • Led to rapid increases of population( potatoes produces more food per acre than foods that had been grown there before

• However, some aspects of the Colombian Exchanged proved deadly 

  • The native people of Mexico and Central and South America were raveage by smallpox, measles and typhus

European Rivals 

• The Dutch, English and French had also expanded their activities into Asia

  • The Dutch formed the East India COmpany and gradually pushed Portuguese out of the spice trade  in Southeast Asia

• During the first half of the 17th century the English presence in india steadily increased

• While the Dutch focused on spice trade, the French established forts along the coast of India

  • British efforts limited the French

  • During the Seven Years of War the British forced the French to withdraw completely from India 

Alantic Slave Trade 

• As a result of this trade as many as 10 million enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas between the early 16th century and the late 19th century 

  • Middle passage- the forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas

• Before Europeans arrived in the 15th century, most enslaved person in Africa were prisoners of War

  • As demands grew they had to move further inland to find their victims

  • Local rulers who traded enslaved people viewed teh slave trade as a source of income 

• Eusopeans continued to view Africans as being inferior being fit chiefly for being slave labor 

• It was not until French Revolution in 1790s that the French abolished slavery 

• The British ended slave trade 1807 and abolished slavery throughout the Empire in 1833

• Despite these reforms, slavery continued in the newly formed United States until the Civil War of the 1800s