Lecture 6_31Jan2025_after class

Page 7: Learning Objectives

• Goals for class: Explain structure of organelles in the endomembrane system.

• Detail functions of Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, and nuclear membrane.

• Discuss evolutionary endosymbiosis and its impact on mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Page 8: Group Activity: Organelles Recall

• Activity: List organelles in an animal eukaryotic cell within 2 minutes.

Page 9: Responses Awaited for Activity

• Still no responses received; monitoring conducted for live input presentation.

Page 10: Eukaryotic (Animal) Cell Structure

• Highlight of intracellular membranes:

  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum (with ribosomes).

  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

  • Role of lysosomes, nucleus, peroxisome, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria.

Page 11: The Endomembrane System

• Main components:

  • Outer nuclear membrane, rough/smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes.

Page 12: Functional Overview of the Endomembrane System

• Outer nuclear membrane discussed next.

• Rough ER: protein synthesis direction.

• Smooth ER: synthesis of lipids.

• Golgi apparatus: protein distribution.

• Lysosomes (with enzymes) and peroxisomes.

Page 13: Nucleus Functions

• Nucleus holds DNA and proteins.

• Nucleolus involved in ribosome assembly.

• Nuclear membrane controls transport through nuclear pores.

Page 14: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

• Distinct features:

  • Possess bacterial genomes and ribosomes.

  • Originated through endosymbiosis.

  • Mitochondria: convert food energy to ATP.

  • Chloroplasts: convert sunlight and CO2 into ATP, organic molecules.

Page 15: Mitochondria vs. Chloroplasts

• Similarities: both have their own DNA and ribosomes.

• Mitochondria: ATP production focus.

• Chloroplasts: photosynthesis role.

Page 16: Pathway of Secreted Protein in Eukaryotic Cell

• Correct sequence identified:

  • Rough ER ➜ Golgi complex ➜ vesicle ➜ cell membrane.

Page 17: Poll Question on Protein Pathway

• Reconfirmation of the correct path for secreted proteins.

Page 18: Eukaryotic Flagella and Cilia

• Composition: Many microtubules enveloped by membranes.

• Differ from bacterial structures.

Page 19: Summary of Eukaryotic Cells

• Endomembrane system includes key structures interconnected through membranes.

• Responsible for protein synthesis and distribution.

• Endosymbiosis led to the formation of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Page 20: Endocytosis and Phagocytosis

• Focus on transport processes in eukaryotic cells.

Page 21: Learning Objectives for Endocytosis

• Understand endocytosis and phagocytosis mechanisms.

• Explain how pathogens exploit these processes.

Page 22: Types of Material Transport in Eukaryotic Cells

• Two primary modes:

  • Endocytosis: for particles binding to cell receptors.

  • Phagocytosis: engulfment of large particles/organisms.

Page 23: Overview of Endocytosis Types

• Pinocytosis: uptake of liquids.

• Receptor-mediated endocytosis: cells bind specific materials.

• Phagocytosis: engulfment of pathogens.

Page 24: Infections in Macrophages

• Macrophages can become infected by phagocytosis (e.g., Salmonella).

Page 25: Exocytosis Overview

• Definition process where vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, releasing contents.

Page 26: Poll Question on Exocytosis

• Identify process where vesicles release contents outside the cell: Exocytosis.

Page 27: Brain Break

• Time allocated for a quick break.

Page 28: Outline Recap

• Summary of today's topics for clarity and review.

Page 29: Learning Objectives for Malaria

• Understand causative agents, symptoms, treatment, and prevention strategies for malaria.

Page 30: Overview of Malaria

• Malaria as a systemic infection spreading from a localized area throughout the body.

• Involves lymphatic and cardiovascular systems.

Page 31: Epidemiology of Malaria

• 2023 statistics: ~74% of malaria deaths were in African children under 5.

• Global overview of malaria cases and mortality.

Page 32: Causes of Malaria

• Resulting from four species of Plasmodium.

  • P. falciparum: deadliest variant.

  • Other species: P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae.

  • Complexity of life cycle stated.

Page 33: Malaria Symptoms

• Classical symptoms: shaking chills, high fever, and sweating; cyclic patterns.

• Flu-like symptoms commonly observed.

Page 34: Malaria Life Cycle

• Stages of Plasmodium development: mosquito bite ➜ liver infiltration ➜ red blood cell lysis.

Page 35: Prevention Strategies for Malaria

• Awareness and prevention measures highlighted: bite prevention, diagnosis, and controlling mosquitoes.

Page 36: Malaria Prevention Measures

• Methods include mosquito avoidance, chemoprophylaxis, and limiting transmission.

Page 37: Recent Malaria Vaccines

• Two vaccines approved since 2021:

  • RTS,S/AS01: low efficacy but reduces severity.

  • R21/Matrix-M: higher efficacy noted.

Page 38: Treatment for Malaria

• Treatment options: chloroquine, artemisinins, doxycycline.

• Importance of failure in treatment to severe malaria.

Page 39: Causes of Malaria Clarification

• Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium species, spread via Anopheles mosquito (vector).

Page 40: Poll Question on Malaria Causatives

• Clarification about the causative agents of malaria regarding vector roles.

Page 41: Relationship between Malaria and Sickle Cell Disease

• Sickle cell trait confers protection against Plasmodium infection severity.

Page 42: Malaria Summary

• Emphasis on preventability and treatability if diagnosed and treated promptly.

Page 43: Outline Recap

• Consolidation of lecture content.

Page 44: Learning Objectives for Fungal Infections

• Focus on fungal infections: causes, signs, treatment, and prevention.

Page 45: Overview of Fungal Infections

• Includes molds and yeasts, with specific adaptations to human skin.

• Clinical manifestations outlined.

Page 46: Candida Overview

• Candida species’ role in human flora and potential for infection in various regions.

Page 47: Complications of Fungal Infections

• Risk in immunocompromised patients with severe outcomes possible.

Page 48: Treatment and Prevention of Fungal Infections

• Antifungal medications, hygiene tips, and hospital environment considerations.

Page 49: Drug-Resistant Candida Auris

• Emerging threat from C. auris, details on its drug resistance and importance in healthcare settings.

Page 50: Clinical Case Question

• Case study demonstrating symptoms indicative of Candida albicans.

Page 51: Poll Question on Infection Cause

• Examination and identification of likely causative agent for specified symptoms.

Page 52: Summary of Fungal Infections

• General benign nature in healthy individuals but severe in immunocompromised.

• Emergence of drug-resistant fungal diseases.

Page 53: Important Due Dates

• Reminder for quiz and teammate survey deadlines for upcoming dates.