Class 10 Escaping Slavery

Page 1: Volunteer Opportunity

• Volunteer Note-takers Needed for Student Accessibility Services.

• Recognition on Co-Curricular Record (CCR) for volunteering hours.

• To volunteer, log in to JUMP and access the Student Accessibility Services link.

• Notes can be uploaded directly to JUMP through the Student Accessibility Services scheduler.

Page 2: Class Information

• Class Date: Monday, January 27th.

• Topic: Escaping Slavery.

• Example: Roman Slave Collar tag - references the owner's control over a slave.

Page 3: Last Class Overview

1. Questions about Test 1.

2. Overview of Politics and Class:

   • Offices and their Responsibilities.

   • Cicero's perspective on Grain Reform and Tax Farming.

Page 4: Today's Class Agenda

1. Address any lingering questions about Test 1.

2. Continue discussion on Escaping Slavery.

Page 5: Test Outline

• Test scheduled for Friday, January 31st.

• Worth 10% of the term mark, scored out of 40 points.

• Full class time allocated for the test, with a minimum stay until 2:45 PM.

• Test covers topics: Roman History Themes (Parts 1-3), Military, Health of Soldiers, Roman Economy, Law and Order.

Page 6: Test Sections

1. Identify 5 locations from a provided map (5 points).

2. Match 5 dates to events (5 points).

3. Multiple Choice questions related to Roman Military and Law (14 points).

4. True/False section (10 points).

5. Identification from Text Pages 68-74 (2x3 marks) - Choose 2 of 6 concepts to describe with 3 significant points each (6 points).

• Total of 40 Marks, contributing to 10% of the Term Mark.

Page 7: Map Location References

• Locations to identify include:

  • Tiber River, Veii, Rome, Ostia, Ardea, Tarentum, Messana, Sicily.

Page 8: Specific Locations

• Most discussed locations feature in lectures:

  • Ardea: Subject to siege by the last Etruscan King, leading to a pivotal change in Roman governance.

  • Veii: An Etruscan town that fell to Rome, marking a significant territorial gain.

Page 9: Example Match Questions

• Historical dates paired with events:

  • 31 BC: Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra.

  • 44 BC: Julius Caesar's assassination.

  • 330 AD: Foundation of Constantinople.

  • 753 BC: Traditional date for the foundation of Rome.

Page 10: Identification Tips

• Focus on key terms that allow for extensive elaboration.

• Use concise, specific details in points to enhance clarity and convey significant information.

• Example of poor identification: 'legion' - too vague; needs strengthening with details.

Page 11: Escaping Slavery Topic Introduction

• Visual: Overseer leading a gang of slaves.

Page 12: Lecture Map Topics

A. Key Themes on Slave Dynamics in Roman Society:

• Reliance on slaves.

• Slave rebellions.

• Methods used to control slaves.

Page 13: Source of Slaves

1. Origin of slaves:

   • Result of ongoing Roman wars.

   • Children of slaves counted as slaves.

   • Abandoned children exploited by slave owners.

Page 14: Captured Slaves

• Slaves sourced from raids by pirates and brigands.

• Illegal practices such as debt slavery.

• Citizenship removal as a punitive measure resulting in slavery.

Page 15: Ownership of Slaves

1. Challenges estimating slave ownership:

   • Slave population approximated at 12% in 3rd-century BC.

   • Significant increase during Augustus's reign (up to 3 million).

   • Socioeconomic structure: 65% subsistence living, 35% skilled families, 20% wealthy citizens.

Page 16: Slave Ownership Demographics

• Only 50% of the population owned slaves, based on wealth.

• Visibility of slaves varied across locations, concentrated in cities and affluent estates.

Page 17: Treatment of Slaves

1. Dehumanizing nature of slavery:

   • Certification of slaves' health and behavior mandated by slave dealers.

   • Contractual evidence demonstrating slaves treated as commodities.

Page 18: Evidence of Dehumanization

• Legal framework for the sale and conditions of slaves documented.

• Example contract from 2nd-century AD shows strict conditions on slave sales.

Page 19: Cruel Treatment by Masters

• Mastery often equated with brutality, leading to regular occurrence of abuse.

• Punishments included flogging, branding, and sexual exploitation.

Page 20: Treatment and Punishments

• Various forms of cruelty included:

  • Punishments for escape or disobedience.

  • Extreme cruelty showcased by infamous examples such as Vedius Pollio's treatment of slaves.

Page 21: State Cruelty

• Roman law justified torture for slave testimonies in court.

• Mass punishment for slaves after any master-related crimes, emphasizing oppressive hierarchy.

Page 22: Acts of Rebellion

• Individual acts of resistance noted in ancient sources:

  • Slaves avoiding work, stealing, plotting against masters.

  • Notable acts of violence against owners leading to memorialization of victims.

Page 23: Former Slaves and Rebellion

• Context of former slaves becoming slave owners, revealing complex societal dynamics.

Page 24: Household Rebellion

• Pliny the Younger's account of an entire household rebelling against a cruel master.

• Describes violent and treacherous acts committed against a former slave owner.

Page 25: Aftermath of Household Rebellion

• The master survived the attack and sought revenge on the treacherous slaves, highlighting the inherent danger in master-slave relationships.

Page 26: Mass Slave Rebellions

• Overview of several slave revolts and crises in Roman history, with contributing factors to each uprising.

Page 27: Historical Slave Revolts

• List of notable revolts:

  • 259 BC: Various uprisings in Rome.

  • 73-71 BC: Spartacus's Slave War.

Page 28: Major Slave Wars

• Examination of larger scale insurrections in Sicily and notable leaders like Spartacus, who exemplified resistance against Roman control.

Page 29: Spartacus's Rebellion

• Detailed accounts of Spartacus's leadership, characterized by his courage and intelligent strategies against Roman forces.

Page 30: Causes for Spartacus's Success

• Factors such as captivity, oppression, and charisma leading to the successful organization of slave armies culminating in early victories.

Page 31: Expansion of Spartacus's Rebel Army

• Success leads to increased visibility and recruitment of new members into the rebellion, showcasing the expansion of the movement.

Page 32: Importance of Leadership

• Challenges faced by Spartacus underscored by the Roman general's strategic counter-movements to quell the uprising.

Page 33: The Final Battle

• The decisive confrontation against Crassus leads to the downfall of the rebellion, spurred by previous strategic miscalculations by Spartacus.

Page 34: The Death of Spartacus

• Plutarch's account of Spartacus's final moments illustrates heroism and the tragic end of the rebellion against the overwhelming force of Rome.

Page 35: Aftermath of Spartacus's Defeat

• Many remaining rebels executed as a demonstration of state power from Crassus, with crucifixions serving as a warning narrative for future rebellions.

Page 36: Reasons for Rebellion Failure

1. Prolonged presence in Italy rather than seeking escape.

2. Leadership divisions among the slaves hindered cohesive strategy.

Page 37: Consequences of Betrayal

• Betrayal by Sicilian pirates resulted in the downfall of potential support and escape routes for rebels.

Page 38: Control Mechanisms for Slaves

• Risks involved in slave ownership led to prevention strategies including violence and legal structures to deter rebellion.

Page 39: Individual Control Strategies

• Common methods of controlling slaves included brutal punishments and enforced fear through threats of severe repercussions.

Page 40: Recovery and Tracking

• Use of branding and identification tags for tracking escaped slaves, facilitating their return and recovery by owners.

Page 41: Structural Controls

• Physical confinement of slaves with infrastructural safeguards to prevent successful escapes.

Page 42: Legal Controls Against Rebellion

• Legal provisions against slaves aiding in the mistreatment of masters and punitive actions introduced to deter uprising engagement.

Page 43: Social Loyalty Mechanisms

• Loyalty through humane treatment and the concept of family among slaves could strengthen bondage to owners, thus thinning rebellion potential.

Page 44: Manumission Overview

• Process of manumission illustrates social hierarchies post-slavery, where freed individuals still depended on past owners for certain societal standings.

Page 45: Class Wrap-Up

• Questions encouraged.

• Upcoming class will cover more on Roman history & topics.

• Reminder: Test Review on Friday in Room 240.

Page 46: Bibliography

• References include notable works on Roman slavery and historical contexts:

  • Andreau, J., & Descat, R. - "The Slave in Greece in Rome"

  • Knapp, R. - "Invisible Romans"

  • Roth, Ulrike - Articles on slave dynamics.

Page 47: Image Licensing Information

• Permitted images based on various licenses and provided sources, ensuring proper credit and usage rights outlined in individual documentation.