Untitled Flashcards Set

CHAPTER 1 QUESTIONS

In addition to describing and explaining mental processes and behavior, psychology also attempts to

________ these phenomena.

a) predict and control

b) analyze and manipulate

c) categorize and organize

d) synthesize and regulate

Topic: What Is Psychology?

ANS: A, These are two of the four goals of psychology.

Mei was sent to the school psychologist to be tested. Based on her IQ scores it was decided that she

would do well in the gifted child program. This is an example of which goal of psychology?

a) describing behavior

b) explaining behavior

c) predicting behavior

d) controlling behavior

Topic: What Is Psychology?

ANS: C, Mei’s score served to anticipate (or “predict”) her performance in the gifted child program..

In an experiment concerning the effect of auditory feedback on accuracy in writing computer programs,

one group hears a computer-simulated voice say each character or symbol that they type in as they are

writing their programs. The second group does not receive the auditory feedback as they type their

program lines. The first group described is the ___________ group.

a) experimental

b) control

c) placebo

d) confederate

Topic: Experimental Methods

ANS: A, Those participants who receive the independent variable make up the experimental group or

groups, whereas those who receive none of the independent variable make up the control group.

The question “What is happening?” refers to which of the following goals in psychology?

a) description

b) explanation

c) prediction

d) control

Topic: What Is Psychology?

ANS: A, Asking “what” means asking for a description

The difficulty with many common sense claims that people believe is that even though they “seem” right,

they are often incorrect when compared to scientific evidence. In other words, the scientific facts seem

___________ to people, when compared to their common sense beliefs.

a) counterintuitive

b) hyper-contextual

c) divergent

d) inexplicable

Topic: What Is Psychology?

ANS: A, Something is counterintuitive when it seems to fly in the face of what would be logically accurate

or expected.

Which of the following types of psychologists is most prepared to help a person who hears voices and

believes she is Joan of Arc?

a) forensic

b) developmental

c) school

d) clinical

Topic: What Is Psychology?

ANS: D, This person may suffer from a severe mental illness, and thus would benefit from meeting with a

clinical psychologist.

On a television talk show an actor describes the symptoms of anxiety he has been experiencing. He

reports that the severity of the symptoms has decreased since he has been taking a drug prescribed by

his therapist back in Hollywood. You conclude that the actor’s therapist is most likely a

_________________.

a) podiatrist

b) psychiatrist

c) social worker

d) physician’s assistant

Topic: What Is Psychology?

ANS: B, Prescribing drugs is usually done by a psychiatrist (except in some states).

Studying the elements of sensations, feelings, and images is most directly associated with which school

of psychology?

a) structuralism

b) functionalism

c) behaviorism

d) humanism

Topic: Approaches to Human Behavior

ANS: A, Structuralists believe that focusing on these individual aspects of consciousness is the key to

psychology.

Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his followers called structuralism?

a) They wanted to identify the major brain structures.

b) Their primary goal was to understand the physiology of the mind.

c) They focused their efforts on analyzing the elements of the nervous system.

d) Their primary focus was on breaking the mind down into its most basic elements to understand

its basic structure.

Topic: Approaches to Human Behavior

ANS: D, Structure was key in the definition of the science Wundt developed.

According to Sigmund Freud, much of our behavior is controlled by __________.

a) unconscious desires

b) environmental stimuli

c) mental Gestalts

d) mental associations

Topic: Approaches to Human Behavior

ANS: A, Freud proposed that the unconscious was largely in control of people, and that it guided our

actions even while we were not aware of it.

The psychologist John Watson is associated with the _______ school of psychology and argued that

psychology must concern itself only with ________.

a) behavioral; observable actions

b) behavioral; mental processes

c) cognitive; thought and action

d) cognitive; behavior

Topic: Approaches to Human Behavior

ANS: A, Watson founded the school of behaviorism, with an emphasis on observable, measurable

behaviors.

What advice might John Watson have offered to psychologists of his time?

a) “Focus only on observable, measurable behaviors.”

b) “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts, so study the whole.”

c) “We cannot know others until we know ourselves.”

d) “Remember that what we accomplish is due to the composition of our genes.”

Topic: Approaches to Human Behavior

ANS: A, Behaviorism was focused on the study of observable behavior.

“Watching violent cartoons is likely to make children behave in a more aggressive fashion.” According to

the scientific method, this statement is most likely a ____________.

a) conclusion

b) result

c) hypothesis

d) fact

Topic: Conducting Research in Psychology

ANS: C, This statement is an educated guess about the effects of violent cartoons.

Naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys are all examples of ________ research methods.

a) descriptive

b) experimental

c) quasi-experimental

d) statistical

Topic: Conducting Research in Psychology

ANS: A

Sam conducted a naturalistic observation as a project for a psychology class. He observed the

interactions of parents and children at a restaurant. Many of the people he observed seemed to notice

him. When Sam described his work to his teacher, she suggested he find out more about the

_________________ effect.

a) restaurant

b) parent

c) butterfly

d) observer

Topic: Conducting Research in Psychology

ANS: D, In noticing Sam, the parents may have realized they were being observed, which might have

affected their behavior due to the observer effect.

A detailed, well-researched biography of a famous historical person is technically an example of the

__________ method of research.

a) psychometric

b) naturalistic observation

c) case study

d) correlational

Topic: Conducting Research in Psychology

ANS: C, A case study involves a detailed description of a particular individual or unique

circumstance/situation.

Which of the following questions could be answered best by using the survey method?

a) What is the effect of ingesting alcohol on problem-solving ability?

b) Does wall color affect the frequency of violence in prison populations?

c) Do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses?

d) What is the relationship between number of hours of study per week and grade point average?

Topic: Conducting Research in Psychology

ANS: C, Student preferences are about opinions, and surveys are good at gathering the opinions of many

people

A(n) is a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another.

a) independent variable

b) dependent variable

c) experimental effect

d) correlation

Topic: Conducting Research in Psychology

ANS: D

As children grow older, their discretionary income usually increases. The best conclusion to draw about

the variables age and income are that they are:

a) causally related.

b) uncorrelated.

c) negatively correlated.

d) positively correlated.

Topic: Conducting Research in Psychology

ANS: D, As two variables move in the same direction, this indicates a positive correlation between them.

A positive correlation shows:

a) the extent to which two independent variables change together.

b) that as one independent variable increases, another decreases.

c) that as one variable changes, another changes in the same direction.

d) that as one variable changes, another changes in the opposite direction.

Topic: Conducting Research in Psychology

ANS: C

A negative correlation means that ______________________.

a) high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other

b) high values of one variable are associated with high values of the other

c) low values of one variable are associated with low values of the other

d) there is no relationship between the two variables

Topic: Conducting Research in Psychology

ANS: A

A group of students was asked to write an essay in support of the legalization of marijuana. They were

paid $.50. Another group of students received $2.00 for the same task. It was subsequently found that

those students who received only $.50 developed a more positive attitude towards the legalization of

marijuana. The researcher in this study was using (the) __________.

a) correlational method

b) experimental method

c) naturalistic observation

d) survey research

Topic: Experimental Methods

ANS: B, When research involves manipulation of one variable (pay) and observation of a second

(attitude), an experiment is being conducted

PERSONALITY QUESTIONS

Psychologists see the study of ________ as an attempt to account for the individuality of the human

mind.

a) personality

b) nurture

c) character

d) motivation

Topic: What Is Personality?

ANS: A, The understanding of personality helps us to understand the basic differences between people.

The unique and relatively stable ways in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels is called

__________.

a) personality

b) nurture

c) a trait

d) nature

Topic: What Is Personality?

ANS: A

The question of whether people’s behaviors can best be predicted by individual personality traits or

external circumstances is called the ________ debate.

a) internalization-externalization

b) unidirectional-bidirectional

c) nature-nurture

d) person-situation

Topic: What Is Personality?

ANS: D

Freud believed that the _____________ was the most important determining factor in human behavior

and personality.

a) id

b) preconscious mind

c) manifest awareness

d) unconscious mind

Topic: Approaches to Personality I – Psychodynamic and Humanistic

ANS: D

Jay is an executive with a large financial firm. Any time his investments do poorly, he throws temper

tantrums and breaks things. Then he starts barking orders at his secretary. Which personality structure

would Freud say is exerting control?

a) id

b) superego

c) ego

d) preconscious

Topic: Approaches to Personality I – Psychodynamic and Humanistic

ANS: A, The id operates on the pleasure principle, and is concerned only with gratification of needs. It

has no regard for right or wrong.

You are quite hungry but don’t have any money. If you were described as “all id and only id’” what would

you do?

a) distract yourself with images of food

b) steal a hot dog from the vendor on the corner

c) run all the way home to get something to eat as soon as possible

d) use the defense mechanism of denial to thwart the hunger pangs until an appropriate meal

can be obtained

Topic: Approaches to Personality I – Psychodynamic and Humanistic

ANS: B, Someone who is all id would have no ability to delay gratification and would do whatever she or

he felt was needed without regard for rules or standards of right and wrong.

There were three friends. Maybe you’ve heard of them! Harry was rational, logical, and cunning.

Hermione was rule oriented, moral, and always ethical. Ron was pleasure seeking, found it hard to delay

gratification, and usually just did what he wanted. According to Freud, Ron was mostly ___________.

a) id

b) ego

c) superego

d) libido

Topic: Approaches to Personality I – Psychodynamic and Humanistic

ANS: A, The id is pleasure-seeking and wants its pleasure needs met immediately…like Ron.

In the metaphor the angel, the devil, and me, the angel is the ____________.

a) id

b) ego

c) superego

d) unconscious

Topic: Approaches to Personality I – Psychodynamic and Humanistic

ANS: C, The superego is the angel because it serves as the moral conscience.

A personality that consisted of only the ego and the id would be completely ______.

a) illogical

b) selfless

c) rational

d) amoral

Topic: Approaches to Personality I – Psychodynamic and Humanistic

ANS: D, A personality that consisted of only the ego and the id would have no superego to dictate what is

right or wrong.

The job of the _________ is to find practical ways for the _________ to get its pleasure needs met

without offending the morality of the ________.

a) id; ego, superego

b) ego; id; superego

c) ego; superego; id

d) superego; id; ego

Topic: Approaches to Personality I – Psychodynamic and Humanistic

ANS: B, The ego mediates the pleasure needs of the id with the moral needs of the superego.

Many have compared Freud’s idea of the mind to an iceberg. If that were the case and you were standing

on the deck of a ship in Alaska, what part of the mind would you see above the water?

a) ego

b) superego

c) id

d) preconscious

Topic: Approaches to Personality I – Psychodynamic and Humanistic

ANS: A, The ego is the part of the mind that is conscious and in view.

Carolyn took home some printer paper from the office. Later, she felt guilty for stealing it so she brought

some paper to work to replace what she took. Freud would suggest that Carolyn’s ________ was

responsible for making her feel bad over what she did.

a) id

b) unconscious mind

c) ego

d) superego

According to Freud, the result of conflict between the id and superego is ___________.

a) libido

b) depression

c) psychosis

d) anxiety

Jeromy has been having an affair with another woman. One afternoon his wife came home later than

usual and Jeromy became angry, accusing his wife of infidelity. Which defense mechanism is behind

Jeromy’s accusation?

a) denial

b) projection

c) rationalization

d) reaction formation

Topic: Approaches to Personality I – Psychodynamic and Humanistic

ANS: B, Projection occurs when threatening thoughts about one’s self are attributed to others.

What is the correct sequence of Freud’s psychosexual stages?

a) latency, anal, oral, genital, phallic

b) oral, genital, latency, phallic, anal

c) anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital

d) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Topic: Approaches to Personality I – Psychodynamic and Humanistic

ANS: D

Carl Jung’s term for the part of our personality that Freud referred to as the unconscious was the

_____________.

a) personal unconscious

b) archetype

c) collective unconscious

d) animus

Topic: Approaches to Personality I – Psychodynamic and Humanistic

ANS: A

The neo-Freudian, Carl Jung, suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contains images

shared by all people. These images are what he called ________.

a) schemas

b) paradigms

c) archetypes

d) prototypes

Topic: Approaches to Personality I – Psychodynamic and Humanistic

ANS: C

The _______ perspective of personality was a direct reaction against the negative view that the

psychoanalytic perspective had of human beings.

a) humanistic

b) trait

c) projective

d) inventory

Topic: Approaches to Personality I – Psychodynamic and Humanistic

ANS: A

Jerod has saved plenty of money and has a lucrative business that he enjoys. He likes to volunteer his

time in the community and enjoys the company of others – but still saves time to be alone. One of his

favorite things to do in the evening is sit outside and watch the sunset. Maslow might suggest that Jerod

is ________.

a) retired

b) experiencing a superiority complex

c) self-actualizing

d) emotionally conditioned

Topic: Approaches to Personality I – Psychodynamic and Humanistic

ANS: C, Self-actualizing refers to the process of reaching one’s own full intellectual and emotional

potential.

According to Carl Rogers, anxiety and distress occur when _______.

a) a person has low self-esteem

b) there is matching between the actual self and ideal self

c) there is a discrepancy between the real self and ideal self

d) the individual receives too much unconditional positive regard

Topic: Approaches to Personality I – Psychodynamic and Humanistic

ANS: C, According to Rogers, the actual self and ideal self must be in harmony with each other in order

to prevent psychological problems and troublesome behaviors.

According to Rogers, which of the following people is MOST likely to become a fully functioning person?

a) someone with a strongly developed superego

b) someone with an extraverted personality

c) someone brought up with conditional positive regard

d) someone brought up with unconditional positive regard

Topic: Approaches to Personality I – Psychodynamic and Humanistic

ANS: D, Rogers believed that someone brought up with unconditional positive regard was most likely to

become a fully functioning person.

What is Albert Bandura’s term for the relationship among the three factors that influence personality?

a) feedback loops

b) learned responses

c) reciprocal determinism

d) external expectancies

Topic: Approaches to Personality II – Cognitive, Dispositional, and Biological

ANS: C

What are the Big Five personality traits?

a) conscientiousness, openness to experience, agreeableness, extraversion, dominance

b) openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

c) sensation seeking, conscientiousness, openness to experience, agreeableness, dominance

d) neuroticism, psychoticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

Topic: Approaches to Personality II – Cognitive, Dispositional, and Biological

ANS: B

Ted is friendly, loves to tell jokes at parties, and is perceived by others as warm and considerate. On

which two of the Big Five traits would you expect Ted to obtain high scores?

a) agreeableness and extraversion

b) extraversion and conscientiousness

c) neuroticism and openness to experience

d) openness to experience and conscientiousness

Topic: Approaches to Personality II – Cognitive, Dispositional, and Biological

ANS: A, Ted’s warmth, friendliness, and consideration for others mean he would score high for

agreeableness; his friendliness and joke-telling at parties indicate he would score high for extraversion.

One limitation of the trait perspective compared to the other perspectives is there is not much ________.

a) description

b) research

c) material

d) explanation

Topic: Approaches to Personality II – Cognitive, Dispositional, and Biological

ANS: D, Trait theories are not as concerned with explanations of personality as the other perspectives.

Practice Test Questions: LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT

A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their

lives. This psychologist is most likely working in the field of:

a) abnormal psychology.

b) gerontology.

c) developmental psychology.

d) maturational studies.

Topic: The Science of Development

ANS: C, Developmental psychology focuses on the changes that occur throughout people’s lives from

conception to death.

Dr. Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr.

Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the

following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement?

a) nature versus nurture

b) cognition versus emotion

c) sensitive vs. critical periods

d) cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies

Topic: The Science of Development

ANS: A, Nature refers to genetic factors and nurture refers to environmental influences.

According to Thomas and Chess, a child that is very irregular in sleeping and eating, resists change, and

tends to be loud is labeled a(n)_____________ child.

a) easy

b) difficult

c) slow-to-warm-up

d) negative

Topic: The Science of Development

ANS: B

Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of _______ development.

a) cognitive

b) perceptual

c) language

d) motor

Topic: Infancy and Childhood

ANS: A

Assimilation is to accommodation as:

a) necessary is to optional.

b) help is to hinder.

c) hinder is to help.

d) using is to changing.

Topic: Infancy and Childhood

ANS: D, In Piaget’s theory, assimilation allows the use of existing schemas to interpret new information,

whereas accommodation results in the adjusting or changing of existing schemas in the face of new

information.

Piaget’s term for the knowledge that an object exists even when it is out of sight is:

a) conservation.

b) object permanence.

c) assimilation.

d) egocentrism.

Topic: Infancy and Childhood

ANS: B

Young infants cannot appreciate the carnival game in which a pea seems to disappear from under a

walnut because they have not yet developed a sense of:

a) conservation.

b) object permanence.

c) accommodation.

d) egocentrism.

Topic: Infancy and Childhood

ANS: B, Object permanence is a term used to describe understanding that an object exists even when it is

out of sight

Elijah is a 3 year little boy who likes to spread his peas and carrots all over his plate. After spreading out

his food, he asks for more. His mom pushes all the food together and Elijah continues to eat. Which

period of cognitive development is Elijah in?

a) egocentrism

b) sensorimotor

c) preoperational

d) accommodation

Topic: Infancy and Childhood

ANS: C, Elijah’s lack of demonstration that he has mastered the concept of conservation suggests that he

is in the preoperational stage of Piaget’s theory.

According to Piaget, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not

change the object’s amount is known as ___________.

a) object permanence

b) conservation

c) assimilation

d) reversibility

Topic: Infancy and Childhood

ANS: B

A characteristic that first shows up in a formal operational thinker is:

a) irreversibility.

b) egocentrism.

c) abstract thinking.

d) logical thinking.

Topic: Infancy and Childhood

ANS: C

According to Vygotsky, which of these is a key factor in a child’s cognitive development?

a) balanced diet

b) social interactions

c) genetic endowment

d) successful resolution of psychosocial crises

Topic: Infancy and Childhood

ANS: B

Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of _______ morality.

a) conventional

b) preconventional

c) principled

d) postconventional

Topic: Infancy and Childhood

ANS: B, In preconventional morality, behavior is governed by the consequences of an action.

Edmund is a Cub Scout. While on a camping trip, the scout leader tells the boys to stay away from the

lake. Some of the scouts ignore the leader and go fishing by the lake anyway. Edmund wants to do what

the leader tells him and believes that good behaviors are rewarded whereas bad behaviors are punished.

Which level of moral reasoning is he in?

a) preconventional

b) conventional

c) postconventional

d) convenient

Topic: Infancy and Childhood

ANS: A, Preconventional morality focuses on the role of an authority figure who determines what a

correct action is or is not.

Saul believes in the Golden Rule and desperately wants people to view him as a good person. Most

likely, he is in which level of moral development?

a) convergent

b) postconventional

c) conventional

d) preconventional

Topic: Infancy and Childhood

ANS: C, Conventional morality focuses on the rules that maintain social order and allow people to get

along.

Jack registered as a conscientious objector during the Vietnam War. He believed that it is wrong to take

the life of others. If necessary, Jack would serve time in jail rather than take part in an armed conflict.

Jack’s reasoning reflects the __________stage of moral development.

a) formal

b) preconventional

c) conventional

d) postconventional

Topic: Infancy and Childhood

ANS: D, At the postconventional level right and wrong are determined by the individual, which may be in

disagreement with accepted social norms.

The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is called:

a) temperament.

b) attachment.

c) trust.

d) habituation.

Topic: Infancy and Childhood

ANS: B

What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the

Strange Situation?

a) the nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies

b) aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment

c) parental discipline styles in the first year of life

d) the nature of attachment between caretakers and babies

Topic: Infancy and Childhood

ANS: D, She sought to understand the nature of attachment between caregivers and babies.

Which type of attachment style is characterized by babies who do not seem to care very much whether

the mother is present or absent, and are equally comfortable with her and a stranger?

a) secure

b) avoidant

c) ambivalent

d) difficult

Topic: Infancy and Childhood

ANS: B, An avoidant attachment is evident if babies don’t seem to care very much whether their mother

is present or absent, and are equally comfortable in the presence of their mother or a stranger.

Walter’s parents strongly believe that Walter should make his own decisions, so they set very few rules

about homework, bedtime, and household chores. Because they believe that freedom and responsibility

are important, they patiently tolerate all of Walter’s behavior, whether childish or mature. The parenting

style adopted by Walter’s parents is termed:

a) authoritarian.

b) permissive.

c) authoritative.

d) easy.

Topic: Infancy and Childhood

ANS: B, Parents who make few demands and do not discipline are said to be permissive.

Germain tends to rule his home with an iron fist. His children know the rules and they are expected to

obey them without question or they know there will be harsh consequences. Diana Baumrind would

describe Germain’s parenting style as:

a) authoritarian.

b) authoritative.

c) difficult.

d) uninvolved.

Topic: Infancy and Childhood

ANS: A, An authoritarian parenting style leaves little to no room for exchange between parent and child,

and obedience is expected.

During adolescence, brain development proceeds relatively slowly in the _______ cortex, a region

implicated in impulse control and emotions.

a) parietal

b) occipital

c) prefrontal

d) dorsal

Topic: Adolescence

ANS: C

Fifteen-year-old Todd is writing an impassioned novel about growing up in America. In his novel he

describes his experiences in a way that portrays them as unique, such that no one has ever thought such

deep thoughts or experienced such ecstasy before. Todd’s writings most clearly reflect:

a) his sense of autonomy.

b) the personal fable.

c) the period of rebellion common to all adolescents.

d) his developing sense of conscience.

Topic: Adolescence

ANS: B, The personal fable refers to the feeling of being unique and protected.

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

The reckless risk taking found among many adolescents is most likely due to the effects of:

a) their sense of autonomy.

b) the personal fable.

c) the period of rebellion common to all adolescents.

d) their developing sense of conscience.

Topic: Adolescence

ANS: B, The personal fable convinces adolescents that they are special and protected and, thus, nothing

bad can happen to them.

According to Erikson, adolescents must resolve the challenge of:

a) trust versus mistrust.

b) intimacy versus isolation.

c) generativity versus stagnation.

d) identity versus role confusion.

Topic: Adolescence

ANS: D

The tendency of teenagers to feel that they are always “on stage” and that they are the center of

everyone else’s world, just as they are the center of their own, is a phenomenon known as:

a) formal operations.

b) the imaginary audience.

c) the personal fable.

d) puberty.

Topic: Adolescence

ANS: B

Mary is an adolescent who currently has a small pimple on her cheek that is causing her to be overly self-

conscious. She is convinced that everyone she meets stares at and talks about her pimple. Mary’s

behavior exhibits:

a) a sense of idealism.

b) imaginary audience.

c) personal fable.

d) puberty.

Topic: Adolescence

ANS: B, Imaginary audience refers to the feeling that everyone is watching you closely; it makes

teenagers feel extremely self-conscious.

HERE IS A SECOND ENTIRE TEST ON UNIT ONE

Name: __________________________ Date: _____________

Directions: choose the option that BEST answers the statements below.

Chapter 1

1. Wilhelm Wundt believed the focus of psychology should be

a. questioning the nature of existence

b. studying stimulus-response associations

c. determining people’s unconscious motivation for behavior

d. examining people’s awareness of their immediate experience

2. Dr. Lee is studying pain perception using a functionalist perspective. It is most likely that

Dr. Lee would suggest that we can only understand the conscious experience of pain

a. if all the component parts that make up the experience of pain are understood

b. by observing the outward expression of pain in response to different stimuli

c. if we first understand the role of pain in human survival and adaptation

d. if we understand the unconscious processes that initiate the sensation of pain

3. According to Sigmund Freud, an individual’s personality is largely determined by

a. self-actualizing tendencies

b. forces in the environment

c. strivings for superiority

d. forces in the unconscious

4. Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes, and they tend not to

repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes.” These words would most likely

have been said by

a. Wilhelm Wundt

b. William James

c. B. F. Skinner

d. Abraham Maslow

5. Manny tends to be very passive and allows people to take advantage of him. What would a

humanist be most likely to say about Manny?

a. Manny will find it difficult to change because he probably has deep-seated feelings of

inferiority.

b. Manny can become more assertive once he begins to feel better about himself and

recognizes that he has the ability to fulfill his potential.

c. Manny simply needs to take an assertiveness training class in which he can learn and

practice assertive behaviors.

6. Which of the following sounds LEAST like the work of an applied psychologist?

a. finding ways to teach learning disabled children

b. studying basic learning processes in rats

c. treating someone with a phobia

d. looking for ways to increase efficiency in an organization

7. The Human Genome Project involves a large number of scientists who are trying to

determine the biochemical nature of all the genes on each chromosome in the human body.

These scientists come from a variety of areas, including psychology. The psychologists

working on this project are most likely

a. evolutionary psychologists

b. cross-cultural psychologists

c. behavioral psychologists

d. biological psychologists

8. Researchers in psychology have “to see it to believe it.” This orientation is most consistent

with

a. empiricism

b. structuralism

c. functionalism

d. humanism

9. A biopsychosocial approach to explaining your performance in a course would most likely

focus on

a. personal factors more than situational factors

b. situational factors more than personal factors

c. both personal and situational factors

d. the relationship between you and your professor

10. Nature is to nurture as

a. experience is to environment

b. learning is to knowing

c. heredity is to environment

d. behavior is to doing

11. Dr. Malm predicts that if teachers ignore students who act up in class, fewer students will

act up in class. Dr. Malm’s prediction is an example of

a. an operational definition

b. a theory

c. inferential statistics

d. a hypothesis

12. An operational definition

a. describes the actions and procedures used to measure or control a variable

b. separately defines each term used

c. provides a logical basis for each term

d. states relationships to other variables

13. The experiment is a research method in which the investigator

a. systematically observes two variables to see whether there is an association between

them

b. observes behavior as it occurs in its natural environment

c. conducts an in-depth investigation of an individual subject

d. manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether there

are changes in a second variable as a result

14. Researchers who were studying plant growth raised plants in two separate rooms. One room

had taped conversations playing 24 hours a day; the other room was silent. The researchers

found that the plants grew better in the room which had the conversations playing. In this

study, the type of room (conversation or silence) would be

a. the dependent variable

b. an extraneous variable

c. a placebo

d. the independent variable

15. A group of researchers wants to determine if people are more likely to follow directions if

the person giving the directions is in a uniform. Half the participants are directed to a

parking spot by a uniformed security guard, the other half are directed to a parking spot by

an individual wearing blue jeans and a t-shirt. In this study, the dependent variable would

be

a. the number of participants who park in the spot they are directed to

b. the type of clothing worn by the person giving the directions

c. the gender of the person driving into the parking lot

d. the distance between the parking spot and the entrance

16. David and Alexandra both take part in a research study that is investigating the effects of

sleep deprivation on reaction time. David is kept awake for 24 hours straight, while

Alexandra follows her normal sleep routine. In this study, David is part of the

a. hypothesis group

b. experimental group

c. control group

d. dependent variable group

17. The purpose of the control group is to

a. make the experiment more complex

b. isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable

c. make statistical significance more likely

d. isolate the effect of the dependent variable on the independent variable

18. The experimental group

a. consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment with regard to the

independent variable

b. consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment with regard to the

dependent variable

c. consists of the subjects who do not receive the special treatment

d. must be chosen so as to be as different from the control group as possible

19. A researcher wants to see if a protein-enriched diet will enhance the maze-running

performance of rats. One group of rats is fed the high-protein diet for the duration of the

study; the other group continues to receive ordinary rat chow. In this experiment, the group

of rats that is fed the high-protein diet is __________ group; the group that receives

ordinary rat chow is __________ group.

a. a control; a control

b. a control; an experimental

c. an experimental; an experimental

d. an experimental; a control

20. A researcher has children watch 30 minutes of violent television, and then counts the

number of times they hit each other afterward in a one-hour play period as a measure of

aggression. The researcher concludes that television violence causes aggression. However,

this conclusion may be invalid because

a. the study is strictly correlational

b. aggression wasn’t operationally defined

c. there was no control group

d. it is unethical to force children to watch violent television

21. Dr. Macator predicts that people will act more aggressively during the heat waves of

summer than they will during the cold spells of winter. This suggests that Dr. Macator

believes that temperature and level of aggression are

a. negatively correlated

b. independent variables

c. uncorrelated

d. positively correlated

22. The FDA found that people who used a particular diet drug combination had more heart

valve defects than people who had not taken the diet drug combination. This suggests that

the use of the diet drug combination and heart valve defects are

a. negatively correlated

b. independent variables

c. positively correlated

d. interactive variables

23. Of the following, the correlation coefficient that indicates the STRONGEST relationship

between the two variables being measured is

a. +0.65

b. -0.89

c. 0.00

d. +3.45

24. Perhaps the greatest disadvantage or limitation associated with descriptive research

methods is

a. the inability to look at important variables like nutritional effects on behavior

b. an insensitivity to ethical concerns

c. the inability to control events and isolate cause and effect linkages

d. the fact that these methods usually focus attention too narrowly on a single variable

25. By definition, a sample

a. is that group of people to whom the conclusion of the study will apply

b. is a subset of the population who actually participate in a research study

c. contains less than 50 people or animals

d. must only include volunteers who express an interest in the study

26. To determine whether students would like more courses scheduled in the late afternoon and

evening hours, the Student Services department sends questionnaires to 50 students selected

at random from the 5,000 who are registered at the campus. In this instance, the 5,000

students who are registered at the campus would be

a. a population

b. a representative sample

c. a biased sample

d. the independent variable

27. In an investigation of the effects of caffeine on concentration, half the participants were

given regular colas which contained caffeine and half were given decaffeinated colas. In

this study, the decaffeinated colas are being used as

a. a confounding variable

b. a random factor

c. the dependent variable

d. a placebo

28. Darla has sent out a survey in which she is asking people to provide information about their

attitudes on a number of sensitive subjects. When the surveys are returned Darla needs to be

aware that the responses may be distorted due to

a. placebo effects

b. self-report biases

c. statistical artifacts

d. meta-analytic controls

29. The fact that many times researchers unintentionally influence the outcome of their studies

implies the existence of

a. experimenter bias

b. a placebo effect

c. sampling bias

d. social desirability

30. Experimenter bias occurs when

a. experimenters explicitly instruct the subjects to behave in a way that will be consistent

with the hypothesis

b. experimenters desire to make a favorable impression on their subjects

c. experimenters’ beliefs in their own hypotheses affect either the subjects’ behavior or

their observations of the subjects

d. experimenters conduct their studies in a completely objective manner

31. The experimental procedure in which both the experimenter and subject are unaware of

who is in the experimental and who is in the control group is referred to as the

a. placebo control procedure

b. stereotaxic procedure

c. single-blind procedure

d. double-blind procedure

Lifespan Development Review (correct answer is in bold text).

____

____ 18. Piaget believed that children first become capable of hypothetical thinking during the

a. concrete operational stage

b. sensorimotor stage

c. formal operational stage

d. preoperational stage

____ 19. Which of the following is not characteristic of adolescence?

a. identity versus confusion

b. formal operational stage of cognitive development

c. preconventional level of moral development

d. Developing object permanence

____ 20. Mothers who are inconsistent or insensitive in responding to their infants are more likely to have infants

who exhibit _______ attachments.

a. especially strong

b. secure

c. anxious-ambivalent or avoidant

d. separation

____ 21. The sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death defines

a. prenatal development

b. maturation

c. development

d. aging

_____ 23. Harlow found that _________________ creates attachment.

a. Giving an infant food

b. Giving an infant water

c. Giving an infant contact comfort

d. Giving an infant shelter

____ 24. Two trays holding the same numbers of candies are placed in front of a group of children. The children

watch as one tray of candies is spread apart, while the other tray of candies is not moved at all.. The

children are then asked, "Does one tray have the same, more, or less candy than the other tray?" What

cognitive principle is being tested?

a. Theory of Mind

b. Conservation

c. Formal Operational Thought

d. Egocentrism

____ 25. Individuals who base their moral judgments on avoiding punishment from an authority figure are in the

______________ phase of moral development.

a. Preoperational

b. Postoperational

c. preconventional

d. conventional

27. Becoming upset at the absence of one’s mother, but being consoled by a caring other

represent what type of attachment?

______________________ (secure)

28. Realizing that “out of sight” DOESN’T mean “out of mind” typifies a successful milestone

that is called ____________. (object permanence)

29. What do we assimilate and accommodate, according to Piaget?

a. Emotions

b. Memories

c. Schemas

d. Replicates

Personality

1. The concept of personality most clearly embodies the notion of:

A) moral integrity.

B) self-consciousness.

C) behavioral consistency.

D) self-actualization.

2. Freud believed that certain troubling symptoms could be traced to painful unconscious

memories. This led him to suspect that these symptoms resulted from:

A) genetic defects.

B) an inferiority complex.

C) psychological processes.

D) an internal locus of control.

3. Free association is central to the process of:

A) factor analysis.

B) self-serving bias.

C) psychoanalysis.

D) reciprocal determinism.

4. Which of the following techniques did Freud use to discover the latent content of his

patients' dreams?

A) fixation

B) factor analysis

C) projective testing

D) free association

5. According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for

immediate gratification of basic drives is the:

A) id.

B) ego.

C) superego.

D) collective unconscious.

6. According to Freud, the part of personality that represents our sense of right and wrong

and our ideal standards is the:

A) collective unconscious.

B) ego.

C) id.

D) superego.

7. No matter how long and hard Lerae studies, she always feels she hasn't studied as much

as she should have. A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Lerae shows signs of a:

A) weak id.

B) weak ego.

C) strong id.

D) strong superego.

8. Bruce wants to be a loving husband but at the same time wants to express his disgust for

some of his wife's habits. According to Freud, Bruce's ________ might enable him to

partially satisfy both desires.

A) collective unconscious

B) superego

C) Oedipus complex

D) ego

9. Two-year-old Damien frequently refuses to obey his parents because he derives

immense pleasure from demonstrating his independence from their control. Freud would

have suggested that Damien is going through the ________ stage of development.

A) phallic

B) anal

C) latency

D) oral

10. Gene spends a good deal of time bragging about his numerous sexual exploits. Freud

would have suggested that Gene is fixated at the ________ stage.

A) oral

B) latency

C) phallic

D) anal

11. According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the:

A) id to defend against the accusations and guilt feelings produced by the superego.

B) ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized.

C) superego to prevent expression of sexual and aggressive drives.

D) id, ego, and superego in a repetitive sequence of internal conflicts.

12. Four-year-old Timmy has not wet his bed for over a year. However, he starts bed-

wetting again soon after his sister is born. Timmy's behavior best illustrates:

A) reaction formation.

B) projection.

C) regression.

D) displacement.

13. Reaction formation refers to the process by which people:

A) disguise unacceptable unconscious impulses by attributing them to others.

B) consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious

impulses.

C) retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of an earlier stage of development.

D) offer self-justifying explanations in place of the real but unacceptable unconscious

reasons for action.

14. The defense mechanism by which people disguise threatening impulses by attributing

them to others is called:

A) projection.

B) displacement.

C) fixation.

D) reaction formation.

15. The defense mechanism in which selfjustifying explanations replace the real,

unconscious reasons for actions is:

A) projection.

B) reaction formation.

C) rationalization.

D) displacement.

16. Hasina was an abused child; as an adult, she is homeless and squanders any money she

can find on alcohol. Alfred Adler would have suggested that Hasina suffers from:

A) an Electra complex.

B) the spotlight effect.

C) feelings of inferiority.

D) the Barnum effect.

17. Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the influence of the collective unconscious in

personality development?

A) Jung

B) Adler

C) Horney

D) Maslow

18. The TAT is a(n):

A) factor analytic test.

B) projective test.

C) personality inventory.

D) empirically derived test.

19. The famous test introduced by Hermann Rorschach asks test-takers to respond to:

A) frightening pictures.

B) ambiguous stories.

C) meaningless inkblots.

D) incomplete sentences.

20. Survivors' vivid memories of Nazi death camp experiences most clearly challenge

Freud's concept of:

A) fixation.

B) repression.

C) the Oedipus complex.

D) motivational conflict.

22. Which theorist emphasized that an individual's personal growth is promoted by

interactions with others who are genuine, accepting, and empathic?

A) Allport

B) Rogers

C) Freud

D) Bandura

23. Carl Rogers would have suggested that many of the defense mechanisms described by

Freud are used to minimize the perceived discrepancy between:

A) manifest content and latent content.

B) the collective unconscious and the personal unconscious.

C) the actual self and the ideal self.

D) an internal locus of control and an external locus of control.

24. Which of the following have been criticized the most for offering concepts that are

vague and subjective?

A) trait theorists

B) humanistic theorists

C) social-cognitive theorists

D) terror-management theorists

25. Coretta is quiet, pessimistic, anxious, and moody. In terms of the Eysencks' basic

personality dimensions she would be classified as:

A) unstable-introverted.

B) manic-depressive.

C) external-dependent.

D) passive-aggressive.

26. Personality inventories are designed to assess several ________ at once.

A) possible selves

B) defense mechanisms

C) attributional styles

D) traits

27. Which of the following Big Five trait dimensions is most closely related to one's level of

creativity?

A) extraversion

B) openness

C) emotional stability

D) conscientiousness

28. According to Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences

among:

A) thoughts, emotions, and actions.

B) behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events.

C) id, ego, and superego.

D) learned helplessness, locus of control, and optimism.

29. Because Mr. Maloney trusts his employees, he treats them very kindly. His kindness

leads them to work diligently on his behalf, which in turn increases his trust in them.

This pattern of trust, kindness, diligence, and increasing trust illustrates what is meant

by:

A) reaction formation.

B) the spotlight effect.

C) external locus of control.

D) reciprocal determinism.

30. Because Greta is an extravert, she frequently goes to parties where she is encouraged to

laugh and socialize with her friends. Because Jim is an introvert, he frequently spends

weekends in the library where it's easy to quietly reflect and study. Greta and Jim best

illustrate what is meant by:

A) an external locus of control.

B) reciprocal determinism.

C) the self-serving bias.

D) the Barnum effect.

Chapter 1 Answers

1. Wilhelm Wundt believed the focus of psychology should be

examining people’s awareness of their immediate experience

2. Dr. Lee is studying pain perception using a functionalist perspective. It is most likely that

Dr. Lee would suggest that we can only understand the conscious experience of pain

if we first understand the role of pain in human survival and adaptation

3. According to Sigmund Freud, an individual’s personality is largely determined by

forces in the unconscious

4. Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes, and they tend not to

repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes.” These words would most likely

have been said by

B. F. Skinner

5. Manny tends to be very passive and allows people to take advantage of him. What would a

humanist be most likely to say about Manny?

Manny can become more assertive once he begins to feel better about himself and

recognizes that he has the ability to fulfill his potential.

6. Which of the following sounds LEAST like the work of an applied psychologist?

studying basic learning processes in rats

7. The Human Genome Project involves a large number of scientists who are trying to

determine the biochemical nature of all the genes on each chromosome in the human body.

These scientists come from a variety of areas, including psychology. The psychologists

working on this project are most likely

biological psychologists

8. Researchers in psychology have “to see it to believe it.” This orientation is most consistent

with

empiricism

9. A biopsychosocial approach to explaining your performance in a course would most likely

focus on

both personal and situational factors

10. Nature is to nurture as

heredity is to environment

11. Dr. Malm predicts that if teachers ignore students who act up in class, fewer students will

act up in class. Dr. Malm’s prediction is an example of

a hypothesis

12. An operational definition

describes the actions and procedures used to measure or control a variable

13. The experiment is a research method in which the investigator

manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether there

are changes in a second variable as a result

14. Researchers who were studying plant growth raised plants in two separate rooms. One room

had taped conversations playing 24 hours a day; the other room was silent. The researchers

found that the plants grew better in the room which had the conversations playing. In this

study, the type of room (conversation or silence) would be

the independent variable

15. A group of researchers wants to determine if people are more likely to follow directions if

the person giving the directions is in a uniform. Half the participants are directed to a

parking spot by a uniformed security guard, the other half are directed to a parking spot by

an individual wearing blue jeans and a t-shirt. In this study, the dependent variable would

be

the number of participants who park in the spot they are directed to

16. David and Alexandra both take part in a research study that is investigating the effects of

sleep deprivation on reaction time. David is kept awake for 24 hours straight, while

Alexandra follows her normal sleep routine. In this study, David is part of the

experimental group

17. The purpose of the control group is to

a. isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable

18. The experimental group

a. consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment with regard to the

independent variable

19. A researcher wants to see if a protein-enriched diet will enhance the maze-running

performance of rats. One group of rats is fed the high-protein diet for the duration of the

study; the other group continues to receive ordinary rat chow. In this experiment, the group

of rats that is fed the high-protein diet is __________ group; the group that receives

ordinary rat chow is __________ group.

an experimental; a control

20. A researcher has children watch 30 minutes of violent television, and then counts the

number of times they hit each other afterward in a one-hour play period as a measure of

aggression. The researcher concludes that television violence causes aggression. However,

this conclusion may be invalid because

there was no control group

21. Dr. Macator predicts that people will act more aggressively during the heat waves of

summer than they will during the cold spells of winter. This suggests that Dr. Macator

believes that temperature and level of aggression are

positively correlated

22. The FDA found that people who used a particular diet drug combination had more heart

valve defects than people who had not taken the diet drug combination. This suggests that

the use of the diet drug combination and heart valve defects are

positively correlated

23. Of the following, the correlation coefficient that indicates the STRONGEST relationship

between the two variables being measured is

-0.89

24. Perhaps the greatest disadvantage or limitation associated with descriptive research

methods is

the inability to control events and isolate cause and effect linkages

25. By definition, a sample

is a subset of the population who actually participate in a research study

26. To determine whether students would like more courses scheduled in the late afternoon and

evening hours, the Student Services department sends questionnaires to 50 students selected

at random from the 5,000 who are registered at the campus. In this instance, the 5,000

students who are registered at the campus would be

population

27. In an investigation of the effects of caffeine on concentration, half the participants were

given regular colas which contained caffeine and half were given decaffeinated colas. In

this study, the decaffeinated colas are being used as

a placebo

28. Darla has sent out a survey in which she is asking people to provide information about their

attitudes on a number of sensitive subjects. When the surveys are returned Darla needs to be

aware that the responses may be distorted due toself-

report biases

29. The fact that many times researchers unintentionally influence the outcome of their studies

implies the existence of

a. experimenter bias

30. Experimenter bias occurs when

experimenters’ beliefs in their own hypotheses affect either the subjects’ behavior or

their observations of the subjects

31. The experimental procedure in which both the experimenter and subject are unaware of

who is in the experimental and who is in the control group is referred to as the

double-blind procedure

PERSONALITY QUESTIONS

____ 17. Erikson's crisis of integrity versus despair is associated with

a. adolescence

b. early adulthood

c. middle adulthood

d. late adulthood

____ 18. Piaget believed that children first become capable of hypothetical thinking during the

a. concrete operational stage

b. sensorimotor stage

c. formal operational stage

d. preoperational stage

____ 19. Which of the following is not characteristic of adolescence?

a. identity versus confusion

b. formal operational stage of cognitive development

c. preconventional level of moral development

d. growth spurt

____ 20. Mothers who are inconsistent or insensitive in responding to their infants are more likely to have infants

who exhibit _______ attachments.

a. especially strong

b. secure

c. anxious-ambivalent or avoidant

d. separation

____ 21. The sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death defines

a. prenatal development

b. maturation

c. development

d. aging

____ 22. Of the following children, who is most likely to be confronting the fundamental question of "Can I do

things for myself or must I always rely on others?"

a. Amanda who is two years old

b. Brian who is four years old

c. Cathy who is six years old

d. Derek who is nine years old

_____ 23. Harlow found that _________________ creates attachment.

a. Giving an infant food

b. Giving an infant water

c. Giving an infant contact comfort

d. Giving an infant shelter

____ 24. Two trays holding the same numbers of candies are placed in front of a group of children. The children

watch as one tray of candies is spread apart, while the other tray of candies is not moved at all.. The

children are then asked, "Does one tray have the same, more, or less candy than the other tray?" Which

child is most likely to correctly state that the trays have the same amount of candy?

a. Alan who is two

b. Brandon who is four

c. Carol who is five

d. Debbie who is eight

____ 25. Individuals who base their moral judgments on avoiding punishment from an authority figure are in the

______________ phase of moral development.

a. preoperational

b. postoperational

c. preconventional

d. conventional

26. Thinking about abstract concepts like justice and free will mark the _____formal

op___________ phase of cognitive development.

30. Becoming upset at the absence of one’s mother, but being consoled by a caring other

represent what type of attachment?

________secure______________

31. Realizing that “out of sight” DOESN’T mean “out of mind” typifies a successful milestone

that is reached during the sensorimotor___________ stage of cognitive development.

32. What do we assimilate and accommodate, according to Piaget?

a. Emotions

b. Memories

c. Schemas

d. Replicates

Key for Chapter ON PERSONALITY:

1. C

2. C

3. C

4. D

5. A

6. D

7. D

8. D

9. B

10. C

11. B

12. C

13. B

14. A

15. C

16. C

17. A

18. A

19. C

20. B

21. deleted

22. B

23. C

24. B

25. A

26. D

27. B

28. B

29. D

30. B