stages of birth

Introduction

• The session focuses on the birthing process and complications related to it.

• Students are encouraged to ask questions anonymously for a comfortable learning experience.

• PowerPoint materials are available on Moodle.

Stages of Birth Process

• Stage 1: Dilation

  • Starts with the release of the hormone oxytocin, which initiates contractions.

  • Contractions cause the amniotic sac to break, leading to dilation and effacement of the cervix.

  • The entire process may last up to 12 hours for first-time mothers and average around 6 hours for subsequent births.

  • Dilation is measured in centimeters; complete dilation is about 10 cm (4.5 inches).

• Stage 2: Delivery

  • This is the stage when the baby descends through the birth canal, typically lasting 30-60 minutes.

  • The focus is on pushing the baby out, with contractions becoming less frequent but longer (60-90 seconds).

  • The baby's correct birth position is head down, facing backwards.

  • Crowning occurs when the baby's head begins to exit.

  • An episiotomy may be performed to prevent tearing of the vaginal opening during delivery.

• Stage 3: Expulsion of the Placenta

  • Contractions help to deliver the placenta shortly after the baby is born.

  • The umbilical cord is cut once the placenta detaches from the uterine wall.

  • Incomplete expulsion of the placenta can lead to infections.

Definitions and Concepts

• Breech Birth

  • A breech baby is delivered feet or buttocks first instead of the typical head-first position.

  • Breech deliveries may require intervention like repositioning the baby or opting for a cesarean section.

• Dilation Process

  • Dilation can begin weeks before due date; doctors may certainly measure dilation in centimeters during check-ups.

  • The urgency of the baby's position at birth is less crucial for premature babies compared to full-term babies.

Contractions During Labor

• Contractions peak in strength and frequency toward the end of labor.

• Symptoms during vigorous contractions include back pain, nausea, and trembling.

• Ice packs and massages are common relief measures.

Delivery Complications

• Failure to Progress

  • This issue refers to delays in labor progression, requiring intervention approaches, like walking or medications.

• Cesarean Section (C-Section)

  • A C-section entails surgical delivery through an abdominal incision, generally safe but has longer recovery than vaginal birth.

  • The Cesarean delivery rates vary globally, and many question the necessity of C-sections in some cases.

• VBAC (Vaginal Birth After Cesarean)

  • A previous C-section does not automatically mean all subsequent deliveries must be C-sections.

Historical Context

• Birth practices evolved from midwives delivering babies to more medicalized procedures with doctors overseeing deliveries post-18th century.

• Lack of hygiene in historical medical practices led to infections and maternal deaths in the past.

• Modern practices lean toward minimal medical intervention unless necessary.

Midwife vs. Doula

• Both roles assist in birthing but differ slightly in training.

• Midwives may have medical training, while doulas focus on emotional support and comfort during labor.

Conclusion

• Future discussions will cover natural childbirth and pain management options available to families.