Introduction to Mental Health_pharmacy_202_PG (1)

Page 1: Introduction

• BERTAS PER SAPIENTIA

• UNIVERSITY OF LINCOLN

• Course: Pharmacy 202 - Mental Health

• Instructor: Prof. Paul F Grassby

Page 2: Copyright and Reflections

• Copyright 2002 by Randy Glasbergen.

• Quote: "You're spending the best years of your life doing a job that you hate so you can buy stuff you don't need to support a lifestyle you don't enjoy. Sounds crazy to me!"

Page 3: Session Outline

• Key Topics to Explore:

  • Definitions and Facts

  • Prevalence of Mental Health Issues

  • Diagnosis Processes

  • Placebo Effect and Clinical Significance

  • Disease Mongering

Page 4: Definition of Mental Health

• Definition: According to the World Health Organisation, mental health is defined as a state of well-being where an individual realizes their abilities, can cope with normal life stresses, work productively, and contribute to their community.

Page 5: Mental Health Problems

• Mental health issues can manifest as:

  • Everyday worry and grief

  • Severe depression or suicidal thoughts

  • Complete loss of touch with reality

• Note: There is no clear cutoff point between normal behavior and mental illness.

Page 6: Mental Health vs. Mental Illness

• Key Differences:

  • Mental illness can be stigmatizing and viewed as a separate category of people.

  • It suggests the presence of a biological or medical cause.

  • Influenced by a mix of social, personal, and biological factors as well as life events.

Page 7: Ending the Stigma

• Initiative: Heads Together

Page 8: Perspective on the Human Condition

• Quote from Tony Copperfield:

  • Reflects on the normalcy of low-grade misery in human life, interspersed with rare moments of happiness.

Page 9: Facts about Mental Health

• Most patients with mental health issues are now managed in primary care.

• Mental health issues are the second most common reason for medical consultations.

• There's a strong correlation between chronic illness and mental health problems, with £7.5 billion spent annually on care.

Page 10: Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders by Sex

• Chart: Displays prevalence rates for common mental disorders (CMDs) among men and women.

Page 11: Prevalence by Age

• Chart: Displays prevalence rates for CMDs across different age groups, highlighting variations by age.

Page 12: Psychosis Prevalence

• Stats: Show the prevalence of psychotic disorders by age and sex based on surveys from 2007 and 2014.

Page 13: Young People Prevalence

• Rates of probable mental disorders among children and young people aged 7 to 19, with notable increases over the years.

Page 14: Mental Health Employment Impact

• Young people in their 20s face higher unemployment rates due to poor mental health compared to those in their early 40s, highlighting a societal issue.

Page 15: Key Messages

• Significant rise in mental health symptoms among younger people aged 18-24, leading to a large number of antidepressant prescriptions.

• Mental health problems correlate with a higher likelihood of being out of work.

Page 16: Definitions of Disorders

• Neurotic Disorders: Include symptoms like fatigue and sleep problems.

• Psychoses: Involve altered perceptions, including organic and functional psychoses.

• Personality Disorders: Differ significantly from cultural norms and can impact social interactions.

Page 17: Socio-economic Relationships

• Increased prevalence of neurotic and psychotic disorders correlates with socio-economic status, marital status, education levels, and housing situations.

Page 18: Smoking and Mental Health

• Chart: Displays smoking rates among individuals with various mental health problems compared to the general population.

Page 19: Psychosis and Physical Health

• Emphasizes the link between mental health conditions like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with increased risks for cardiovascular diseases and other health issues.

Page 20: Diagnosis Challenges

• The distinction between normal and abnormal mental health is often ambiguous, with many definitions of disorders being fluid and culturally specific.

Page 21: Disease Mongering Concerns

• Discusses concerns about the medicalization of unhappiness, influenced by pharmaceutical companies and societal pressures to diagnose and treat quickly.

Page 22: Drug and Diagnosis Relationships

• Notes interactions between diagnostic criteria and the pharmaceutical industry.

Page 23: DSM-IV Overview

• Highlights categories of mental disorders as defined in the DSM-IV, including mood, psychotic, and personality disorders.

Page 24: Social Phobia and Medicalization Debate

• Discusses whether social phobia is merely a medicalization of shyness, citing the challenges in distinguishing these conditions.

Page 25: Updates in DSM-5

• Lists new and rejected diagnoses added in DSM-5, illustrating the evolving understanding of mental health.

Page 26: Unique Disorder

• Motivational Deficiency Disorder: Introduced concept reflecting evolving perspectives on mental health.

Page 27: Antidepressant Uses

• Discusses various antidepressants and their licensed/unlicensed uses beyond traditional depression treatments.

Page 28: Antidepressants and Placebo Effects

• Summarizes findings suggesting that the effectiveness of antidepressants may be primarily due to placebo effects rather than chemical imbalances in the brain.

Page 29: Placebo Response in Trials

• Details the proportion of therapeutic benefits in antidepressants that overlap with placebo responses, raising questions about the validity of treatment.

Page 30: Comparative Study of Antidepressants

• Compares the effectiveness of Citalopram and Escitalopram in treating depression, based on clinical trial data.