Introduction to Mental Health_pharmacy_202_PG (1)
Page 1: Introduction
BERTAS PER SAPIENTIA
UNIVERSITY OF LINCOLN
Course: Pharmacy 202 - Mental Health
Instructor: Prof. Paul F Grassby
Page 2: Copyright and Reflections
Copyright 2002 by Randy Glasbergen.
Quote: "You're spending the best years of your life doing a job that you hate so you can buy stuff you don't need to support a lifestyle you don't enjoy. Sounds crazy to me!"
Page 3: Session Outline
Key Topics to Explore:
Definitions and Facts
Prevalence of Mental Health Issues
Diagnosis Processes
Placebo Effect and Clinical Significance
Disease Mongering
Page 4: Definition of Mental Health
Definition: According to the World Health Organisation, mental health is defined as a state of well-being where an individual realizes their abilities, can cope with normal life stresses, work productively, and contribute to their community.
Page 5: Mental Health Problems
Mental health issues can manifest as:
Everyday worry and grief
Severe depression or suicidal thoughts
Complete loss of touch with reality
Note: There is no clear cutoff point between normal behavior and mental illness.
Page 6: Mental Health vs. Mental Illness
Key Differences:
Mental illness can be stigmatizing and viewed as a separate category of people.
It suggests the presence of a biological or medical cause.
Influenced by a mix of social, personal, and biological factors as well as life events.
Page 7: Ending the Stigma
Initiative: Heads Together
Page 8: Perspective on the Human Condition
Quote from Tony Copperfield:
Reflects on the normalcy of low-grade misery in human life, interspersed with rare moments of happiness.
Page 9: Facts about Mental Health
Most patients with mental health issues are now managed in primary care.
Mental health issues are the second most common reason for medical consultations.
There's a strong correlation between chronic illness and mental health problems, with £7.5 billion spent annually on care.
Page 10: Prevalence of Common Mental Disorders by Sex
Chart: Displays prevalence rates for common mental disorders (CMDs) among men and women.
Page 11: Prevalence by Age
Chart: Displays prevalence rates for CMDs across different age groups, highlighting variations by age.
Page 12: Psychosis Prevalence
Stats: Show the prevalence of psychotic disorders by age and sex based on surveys from 2007 and 2014.
Page 13: Young People Prevalence
Rates of probable mental disorders among children and young people aged 7 to 19, with notable increases over the years.
Page 14: Mental Health Employment Impact
Young people in their 20s face higher unemployment rates due to poor mental health compared to those in their early 40s, highlighting a societal issue.
Page 15: Key Messages
Significant rise in mental health symptoms among younger people aged 18-24, leading to a large number of antidepressant prescriptions.
Mental health problems correlate with a higher likelihood of being out of work.
Page 16: Definitions of Disorders
Neurotic Disorders: Include symptoms like fatigue and sleep problems.
Psychoses: Involve altered perceptions, including organic and functional psychoses.
Personality Disorders: Differ significantly from cultural norms and can impact social interactions.
Page 17: Socio-economic Relationships
Increased prevalence of neurotic and psychotic disorders correlates with socio-economic status, marital status, education levels, and housing situations.
Page 18: Smoking and Mental Health
Chart: Displays smoking rates among individuals with various mental health problems compared to the general population.
Page 19: Psychosis and Physical Health
Emphasizes the link between mental health conditions like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with increased risks for cardiovascular diseases and other health issues.
Page 20: Diagnosis Challenges
The distinction between normal and abnormal mental health is often ambiguous, with many definitions of disorders being fluid and culturally specific.
Page 21: Disease Mongering Concerns
Discusses concerns about the medicalization of unhappiness, influenced by pharmaceutical companies and societal pressures to diagnose and treat quickly.
Page 22: Drug and Diagnosis Relationships
Notes interactions between diagnostic criteria and the pharmaceutical industry.
Page 23: DSM-IV Overview
Highlights categories of mental disorders as defined in the DSM-IV, including mood, psychotic, and personality disorders.
Page 24: Social Phobia and Medicalization Debate
Discusses whether social phobia is merely a medicalization of shyness, citing the challenges in distinguishing these conditions.
Page 25: Updates in DSM-5
Lists new and rejected diagnoses added in DSM-5, illustrating the evolving understanding of mental health.
Page 26: Unique Disorder
Motivational Deficiency Disorder: Introduced concept reflecting evolving perspectives on mental health.
Page 27: Antidepressant Uses
Discusses various antidepressants and their licensed/unlicensed uses beyond traditional depression treatments.
Page 28: Antidepressants and Placebo Effects
Summarizes findings suggesting that the effectiveness of antidepressants may be primarily due to placebo effects rather than chemical imbalances in the brain.
Page 29: Placebo Response in Trials
Details the proportion of therapeutic benefits in antidepressants that overlap with placebo responses, raising questions about the validity of treatment.
Page 30: Comparative Study of Antidepressants
Compares the effectiveness of Citalopram and Escitalopram in treating depression, based on clinical trial data.