Physical properties

Properties that are observed and measured without producing new substance

Chemical properties

Properties observed and measure with chemical reaction, leading to change in the composition of a substance

Physical properties of matter can be classified as extensive and intensive.

Extensive properties

Properties that vary depending on the size or amount of matter

Intensive properties

Properties that are not affected by the amount of size or amount of matter. Intensive properties are indicative of substance’s identity

Separation techniques for mixtures and compounds

Filtration _{(Suspension: small insoluble + liquid)}

• The insoluble matter is separated from the liquid

• Aided by porus material

• LIQUID is called FILTRATE

• SMALL INSOLUBLE MATERIAL is called RESIDUE

Decantation _{(Suspension: large insoluble + liquid)}

• The large residue seperate from the liquid and settled at the bottom of the container

• Slowly and carefully poured off leaving the residue in the container

• LIQUID is called DECANTATE

• LARGE INSOLUBLE MATERIAL is called RESIDUE

Centrifugation _(Colloid)

• Process in which heterogenous mixture are spun in a machine called CENTRIFUGE

• The spinning cause an outward forced called centrifugal force to the mixture causing the residue to settle

• The liquid (CENTRIFUGATE) can be separated by simple decantation

Magnetic Property _(Suspension)

• Materials with magnetic substance can be separated from the mixture with magnets

• Classified by their magnetic property:

  • Ferromagnetic - strongly attracted to magnet (iron, nickel, cobalt)

  • Paramagnetic - weakly attracted to magnet (aluminium, platinum, oxygen)

  • Diamagnetic - weakly repelled by magnet and magnet in the opposite direction (water, copper and carbon)

Manual separation

• Mixture with significant difference in sizes and can be manually separated

Sifting _{(Both solids)}

• Dry filtration

• Mixture is placed on a screen (sift) that separates small particles and large granules

Separatory Funnel _{(Suspension: liquid with different densities)}

• An apparatus used to seperate liquids that don't mix (immiscible liquids)

• Liquid with higher density at the bottom and liquid with lower density at the top

• Stopper and stopcock are opened to separate the lower liquid

Sublimation

• Separate readily substances from the mixture, by turning it into gas and depositing in a cool surface.

• Ewan ko ba

Distillation _{(Suspension: both liquid solution)}

• Liquid is heated and turned into gas. The gas becomes liquid upon passing through a cooling tube called condenser

• Used to separate indistinguishable liquids or liquids that are alike in such as alcohol

• Alcohol has ethanol (80°c) and water (100°c). If alcohol are placed inside, it would need to heat up to 80°c so that the ethanol becomes gas while water stays liquid

Evaporation _{(Suspension: Solid solluble + liquid)}

• Heating the substance in a evaporating dish causing the removal of liquid substance

• Example: salt water. When salt water are heated, water evaporates and turns into gas, it leaves only the salt in the container

Chromatography

• Chromatography is a method in which substances in a solution can be separated by loading the solution on a material that stays in place (stationary phase) and allowing a liquid or gas (mobile phase) to carry the substances

• As the mobile phase moves along the stationary phase, the loaded substances move at different speed, resulting in separation

• Chromatography can be employed to separate plant pigments, which contain different colored substances