https://quizlet.com/94997485/apush-unit-3-1754-1800-flash-cards/

1. British-French Wars - The British and French fought a series of wars for territory in Europe, South Asia, and the Americas. The American Indians mainly allied with the French. This also led to the colonies wanting to stand up for themselves more.

2. Colonial Independence- The British implemented policies for collecting taxes from the colonies in order to pay the huge debt of the war. The colonies had other thoughts and believed they were self sufficient and were influenced by the enlightenment. The clashing views led to development of a new nation free from British rule.

3. Articles of Confederation- The first American constitution that united the states as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress. These articles were later replaced by the constitution in 1789.

4. Constitution- Written in 1787 and ratified in 1788 that sets the institutional structure of the U.S. government and the tasks these institutions perform. It replaced the articles of confederation

5. Conflicting Views of Government- Debates over the new constitution arose through policy debates under the first president, George Washington. “Founding Father” argued about the economy, individual rights, foreign affairs, relations with the Native Americans, and the roles of federal and state governments. Democratic-Republic (state governments) V.S. Federalists (federal governments). Democratic-Republicans defeated Federalists.

6. Changes in Economics, Politics, and Culture- Immigrants began to arrive as people started moving westward for new opportunities. They caused conflicts with the native americans however. People began establishing their own cultures as the US established its place as a new country. 

7. Seven Years’ War- The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) was a global conflict between major European powers, mainly Britain and France. It was fought in Europe, North America, and other parts of the world. The war ended with Britain gaining significant territories, especially in North America and India, while France lost much of its empire.

8. French and Indian War-  9 year war between the British and the french. This resulted in the French leaving the north american mainland and sparked the 7 years war.

9. George Washington- A young colonel who was sent by the governor of Virginia to command a small militia to stop the work of Fort Duquesne. 

10. Edward Braddock- A general that led an expedition from Virginia in 1755, which had a disastrous outcome. The French were able to repulse the British invasion of French Canada with the help of their Algonquin allies. 

11. Albany Plan of Union- Proposed by Benjamin Franklin as a way to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other reasons.Plan turned down by crown and colonies. However, it became an important congress for more revolutionary congresses in the 1770s.

12. British Victory

13. Peace of Paris- After the British victories after the Seven Years’ War, the European powers negotiated a peace treaty in 1763, known as the Peace of Paris. GB acquired both French Canada and Spanish Florida and also extended its control in North America. The French gave up to Spain its large territory west of the Mississippi River (AKA Louisiana) and the French power on the continent of North America virtually ended.

    Immediate Effects of the War

    The immediate effects of a war refer to the direct consequences that occur right after the conflict ends, including loss of life, economic disruption, changes in governance, and shifts in social structures.

    British View of the War

    The British view of the war typically reflects perspectives held by British leaders and citizens, often emphasizing national interests, military strategy, and the impact on the British Empire.

    Colonial View of the War

    The colonial view of the war encompasses the perspectives of colonists, focusing on their experiences, grievances against colonial powers, aspirations for independence, and the socio-political changes resulting from the conflict.

14. Salutary Neglect- British policy of avoiding strict regulations on the colonists and basically having no say in the government for a long period of time.

15. Pontiac’s Rebellion- Waged by chief Pontiac to drive the British out of Ohio. It was crushed brutally by British troops, who resorted to giving out blankets contaminated with smallpox to the native population to discourage uprisings. 

16. Proclamation of 1763- A decree issued by the British parliament after Pontiac's rebellion. It didn’t allow people to settle beyond the appalachians. This contributed to the rising unease with American colonists. 

17. Growing British-Colonial Tensions 

18. Parliament- Colonists pointed out that they couldn’t directly elect representatives to Parliament and had no way of consenting or opposing British actions. 

19. King George III- Was the King of England who disbanded the colonial legislatures, taxed the colonies, and refused the Olive Branch Petition leading to the final break with the colonies. 

20. Whigs- The Whigs were a political party in the early 19th century that opposed Andrew Jackson. They supported a strong federal government, economic development, and infrastructure improvements. The party eventually dissolved in the 1850s. 

21. Sugar Act (1764) - Placed duties on foreign sugar and certain luxuries. Purpose was to raise revenue 

22. Quartering Act (1765) - Required colonists to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers stationed in the colonies. 

23. Stamp Act - Helped to raise funds to support British military forces in colonies. Tax log use in Britian. 

24. Patrick Henry - American Revolution leader and a famous orator who spoke up about British rule of the American colonies. 

25. Stamp Act Congress - A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act. It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

26. Sons and Daughters of Liberty- Patriotic group played a role against the stamp act and enforcing non-importation agreements.

27. Economic Pressure 

28. Declaratory Act- Grenville was replaced by another Prime Minister in 1766, and Parliament voted to repeal the Stamp Act. The colonies were happy about it. This act asserted that Parliament had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.” This would soon lead to more conflicts with the colonies.

29. Townshend Acts- Parliament enacted new duties in which taxes were collected on colonial imports of tea, glass, and paper. Also provided for the search of private homes for smuggled goods. 

30. Writ of Assistance- A general license to search anywhere and conduct a search. This was implemented rather than a judge’s warrant to search properties. 

31. John Dickinson- Argued that Parliament could regulate colonial commerce but if it wanted to tax colonists, it had to have the approval of assemblies that included colonial representation.

32. Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania- Protested Townshend Acts by writing “Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania.”Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, he opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence.

33. James Otis- James Otis (1725–1783) was an early American patriot who argued against British taxation and legal abuses. He famously declared, "Taxation without representation is tyranny," inspiring colonial resistance and the American Revolution. Opposed Writs of Assistance.

34. Samuel Adams-  American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence.

35. Massachusetts Circular Letter- It urged the colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. 

36. Repeal of the Townshend Acts 

37. Lord Frederick North- Became the new Prime Minister of London and urged to repeal the Townshend Acts since it damaged trade and didn’t generate that much revenue.

38. Boston Massacre 

39. Committees of Correspondence- British officials were undermining colonial liberties and the principal device for spreading this idea was through the Committees of Correspondence. Initiated by Samuel Adams in 1772. 

40. The Gaspee 

41. Boston Tea Party 

    The Gaspee

    The Gaspee was a British customs schooner that was burned by American colonists in 1772 in protest against British taxation and enforcement of trade regulations. This event is considered a significant act of defiance leading up to the American Revolution.

    Boston Tea Party

    The Boston Tea Party was a political protest that took place on December 16, 1773, where American colonists, frustrated by British taxation without representation, dumped 342 chests of British tea into Boston Harbor as a demonstration against the Tea Act.

42. Tea Act- 1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to have a monopoly on tea imports. Led to the Boston Tea Party.

43. Intolerable Acts- Series of preventative measurements passed because of the Boston Tea Party: closing the Port of Boston, revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter, and expanding the Quartering Act to allow for the lodging of soldiers in private homes. In response, colonists convened the First Continental Congress and called for a complete boycott of British goods. 

44. The Coercive Acts (1774)- 4 Coercive Acts, directed mainly at punishing people of Boston and Massachusettsand bringing them under control. 

45. Port Act- Closed the port of Boston, prohibiting trade in and out of the harbor until the damaged tea was paid for.

46. Administration of Justice Act- Allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in Great Britain instead of in the colonies. 

47. Quebec Act- The act established Roman Catholicism as the official religion of Quebec. It also set up a government without a representative assembly and extended Quebec’s boundary to the Ohio River. Colonists viewed it as a direct attack on them as it took away their land.  

48. Enlightenment- This refers to an intellectual movement in the 18th century that emphasized reason, science, and individual rights. It influenced American colonial leaders, inspiring ideas about government, liberty, and democracy that shaped the foundations of the United States, especially during the American Revolution and the drafting of the Constitution.

49. Deism- Enlightenment thinkers believed in God, but in one who had established natural laws in creating the universe and then rarely or never intervened directly in human affairs. God set rules, but then allowed people to make their own decisions. 

50. Rationalism - Enlightenment thinkers trusted human reason to understand the natural world and to respond to many problems of life and society. Led to more studies in science and human behavior rather than following traditional interpretations of the Bible.

51. Social Contract - John Locke created the idea of “social contract” in which government powers come from the consent of the people who are being controlled and in which the government serves the people. 

52. John Locke - Believed that colonies had the right to break away if natural rights were not ensured; all men created equal; provided influence for Preamble

53. Jean-Jacques Rousseau - A French philosopher who believed that human beings are naturally good and should rely on their instincts; government should be democratic and exist only to protect common good

54. Thomas Pain - American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809) wrote "Common Sense"