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THE GUNPOWDER EMPIRES 

The Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals

I. From 1300 to 1700, three “__gunpowder__________________ ______empires__________” dominated parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia: the Ottoman Empire (Turkey), the Safavid Empire (Iran), and the Mughal Empire (India)

A.  These empires were unique but shared some SIMILARITIES: 

1. All three empires were able to _____conquer______________neighboring people by forming strong armies that used ______rifles_______ and _______artillery___________; this gave them the nickname “Gunpowder Empires” 

2. All three empires ____blended____________ their _____cultures____________with neighboring societies to create a high point of Islamic culture (cultural diffusion)

3. All three empires were ____islamic________ and ruled by Muslim leaders, with well-organized governments made up of loyal bureaucrats

B. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

1.  THE RISE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

a. Around 1300, the ___muslim turks_________ ___________ of Anatolia were unified and formed the ____Ottoman_________ _____empire________ (the name came from an early leader named Osman)

b. The Ottomans used ___muskets________ and _______cannons__________to form a powerful army and expand their territory

c. The Ottoman army included 30,000 ___elite______ soldiers_________ called  _________janissaries_______________; these fierce soldier-slaves were trained to be completely ___loyal___________to their Ottoman Turk rulers; Janissaries were usually Bosnian, Bulgarian, Greek, Serbian, or Albanian by blood and Christian by religion; they were taken from their homes at an ____early_________ ______age__, forced to ___convert________ to Islam, and ____forced to train___________ to be soldiers

d. The ___bysantine________________ ____empire___________had been around since the fall of the old Roman Empire in the late 400s; Byzantine ___territory________________ increased and decreased over the years, depending on the outcomes of its wars_______ with neighboring people, such as the ___seljuk turks____________ ____________

    i. By the 1400s, Byzantine territory was chiseled away to almost ___nothing______________, except for its capital city, _____constantonople____________________

    ii. Constantinople finally fell_______to the Turks in 1453; with the fall of Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire was ___conqured____________________by the Seljuk/ottoman Turks 

    iii. The Byzantine people (which included Greeks, Syrians, Armenians, Georgians, Jews, Hellenized Asiatic tribes, and others) were made subjects of the _____new___ _____ottoman_________ ______empire__________; a thousand years of Byzantine rule was ____over_______

e. By the late 1600s, the Ottomans expanded a great deal, taking over much of the ___middle__________ _____east______, some of ________north________ ____africa________, and a large part of ________east________ _______europe_______

2. SULEYMAN THE MAGNIFICENT

a. Ottoman kings/emperors were called ____sulatans___________and they governed with absolute power___________ ___________

b. The greatest Ottoman sultan was ________suleyman________ the_ _________magnificent__________, who came to power in 1520 

i. By the mid-1500s, Suleyman was the most ____powerful_____________ king___________ in the world 

ii. Under Suleyman, the Ottoman Empire reached its ___height____________, expanding deep into Eastern Europe; Suleyman’s fleet ruled the _____mediterranean ___________________ ___sea______ and controlled the ______silk___ _____road_____ trade routes that connected Europe and Asia

iii. Suleyman was ____stopped____________ by the Holy Roman Empire (various German kingdoms) from taking over ALL of Europe after the unsuccessful Siege of Vienna in 1529; this would be the ______limit________of _________ottoman_______ ______empire________ in Europe

iv. Suleyman’s greatest accomplishment was creating a ____stable__________ government for the Ottoman Empire

(1) He was known as “____suleyman_____________ the__ _____lawgiver______________” because he created a law____ _____code______ that governed criminal and civil issues within his empire

(2) He created a simplified and fair tax____system to raise money for his empire

(3) He granted ___freedom___________ of_ ______worship________to Christians and Jews living in the empire, wisely showing tolerance of his subjects’ ways

v. art____, poetry, and ________archetecture_______________ flourished under Suleyman as the Ottomans experienced a cultural “golden age”

3. THE DECLINE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

a. To maintain their power against ___rivals___________within their own families, Suleyman and other Ottoman sultans _____excecuted_______________ and/or jailed their sons and brothers, which led to progressively _____weaker_____________ leaders as the most capable sons were eliminated

b. By the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the Ottoman Empire was so weak it was known as the “___sick_____ man__ ___of__ ____europe____________” and would end in 1922

C. THE SAFAVID EMPIRE

1. THE RISE OF THE SAFAVID EMPIRE

a. The _________Safavids__________were Turks living in _____persia___________who built a powerful gunpowder army and created an empire in modern-day ___iran________

b. Unlike the Ottomans (who were Sunni Muslims), the rulers of the Safavid Empire believed in _____shia______ Islam and strictly ____converted__________ the people they conquered  

c. Safavid rulers were called shahs__________, which is the Persian title for _____king_______

2. SHAH ABBAS

a. The greatest ruler of the Safavid Empire was ___shah abbas_______ ______________, who came to power in 1587 

i. Abbas ____borrowed________________ideas from outside groups to improve the Safavid Empire 

ii. He used the Ottoman idea of janissaries, used merit_______ to employ government workers, and introduced religious ______toleration______________ (which helped Safavids trade_______ with European Christians) 

iii. Art flourished, especially _____carpets___________that blended _____persian___________ and European designs; these became luxury items highly desired by Europeans 

3. THE DECLINE OF THE SAFAVID EMPIRE

a. Like the Ottomans, Shah Abbas ____blinded___________ or ______killed______his most capable sons in order to keep power 

b. As a result, ___weak______ ______leaders_________ led to a ____rapid________ ________decline_______of the Safavid Empire 

c. While the Ottoman Empire lasted until 1922, the Safavid Empire fell in ___1774_______

D. THE MUGHAL EMPIRE 

1. THE RISE OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE

a. The Mughals were _____muslims_______who descended from Turks, Afghans, and ____mongols__________living in Central Asia 

b. Like the Ottomans and Safavids, the Mughals built a powerful ___army__________ with guns and cannons

2. BABAR and AKBAR

a. In 1494, ___babur__________ became king of the Mughals; he expanded the army_________and began invasions into _____india________ to create his empire

b. In 1556, Babur’s grandson _______akbar_________became king of the Mughal Empire and expanded the empire into almost all of India 

i. Akbar was the ___greatest______________ of all the Mughal rulers

ii. Akbar’s greatest achievement was cultural ___blending_____________and ______religious____________toleration he instilled in his empire 

(a) He held religious discussions with ____hindu___________ and _________muslims_______scholars 

(b) Akbar ended the tax________ that ___non_____ - _______muslims_________ were required to pay, creating a fair and affordable tax system

(c) Because he was Muslim ruling in a largely Hindu region, Akbar allowed non-Muslims to _____worship________ _______freely_______ 

(d) Akbar had many wives, including muslims___________, _______hindus__________, and ______christians___________

iii. The best example of Akbar’s tolerance was his creation of a new religion called the ___divine_________ ____faith______

(a) The Divine Faith was an example of ______syncretism______________because it _____blended____________ ideas from Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism

(b) Akbar hoped the Divine Faith would end ______confilcts___________ between Muslims and Hindus

(c) The Divine Faith ____never__________ ____attracted_______________many Muslim or Hindu converts… when Akbar died______, so did the Divine Faith 

iv. During Akbar’s reign, ___art______ flourished 

(a) Mughal artists were known for their colorful paintings called _______minitaures________________

(b) Mughal ____arcetecture____________________ was known for blending of Hindu and Islamic designs 

(c) The greatest example of Mughal architecture is the taj_ _______mahal______, which was built in 1631 by Jahan

3. THE DECLINE OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE

a. The Mughal Empire grew weak by 1700, as rulers spent too much money on _____palaces___________ and war____ while _______famine_________ brought _____starvation____________________to millions 

b. Also, the large population of ____hindus_____________ in India began to ______revolt_________ against their Muslim rulers 

c. _____gret______ ______britian___________ took advantage of this weakness, ______conqured________________India, and removed the last Mughal emperor from power in 1858 

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II. CONCLUSIONS

A. The Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals built large ____islamic_____________ empires using ______gunpowder__________________ militaries

B.  These empires provided new contributions in law________, art_____, and ___religion_____________

C.  Their decline by the 1800s allowed newly industrialized____________________European nations to _______dominate______________ Asia 

Consider the following for review, everything (plus more) is fair game for the MCQ and written portion of the final.  

HINT: Religion, Advancements in Technology, Political, Economic, Envrionmental, Cultural developments (plus more) can be understood as a thread(s) that can be pulled through each period of study SO even if it isn’t directly mentioned in the following review you need to consider these topics at play.  

Keep in mind the review resources available on AP Collegeboard Classroom, the digital version of the textbook (via the Clever App, via the Achieve App), Crash Course, Heimler History, Quizlets, Kahoots etc.  

THIS IS A LIVING DOCUMENT - during your review you should link review content to this document (Crash Courses, Documents, Maps, Graphs etc.)  THIS IS YOUR REVIEW…MAKE IT SO.  

Study topics you are unfamiliar with DO NOT review content you already know.   

Period 0 (10,000~BCE - 1250CE) 

• The Biggest Mistake?  

  • The shift from Hunting and Gathering to Agriculture (the Agricultural Revolution) 

• Relgions - core beliefs, founders, and approximate dates.  

  • Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam 

  • Monotheistic vs. Polytheistic

• Cultural Developments - systems of writing (cuneiform, heiroglyphs, pictographs etc.)  

  • Gilgamesh

  • Hammurabi’s Code/Law 

• Early (River) Civilizations

  • Indus, Egypt, China (Yangtze, Yellow), Persia, Mesopotamia (Tigris & Euphrates) 

• Classical Civilizations 

  • Rome, Greece, China (Qin, Han), Ashoka, Mauryan, Persia

• Social Structures 

  • Equality (or lack thereof)

• Rise and Fall of Empires 

  • Reasons for collapse - political corruption, outside invaders, a lack of technological development, disease, famine etc.  

• Guns, Germs and Steel - the significance of geography (latitude), domesticated animals, “advancements”, inequality.  

Period 1 (1250 - 1450) 

• Empires & Dynasties 

  • Song Dynasty - Grand Canal, Great Wall (con’t. from previous dynasties), Champa Rice, Tribute States, Confucianism, Buddhism, Neo-Confucianism

  • Mongols - Chinngis Khan, Khanates, Yuan Dynasty

  • Islamic Empires - Uumayyad, Abbasid - Expanse 

  • Mali - Timbuktu, Mansa Musa

  • Western Europe - Feudalism/Serfdom (Post-Classical (after the collapse of the Roman Empire 476CE))

  • Eastern Europe - Byzantines 

  • NOTE: Patterns of Rise and Fall of empires/dynasties 

• The Black Death 

  • Impact on political, economic, and cultural beliefs/practices 

• Trade (note: the interconnection, and the role of religion, spices) 

  • Trans-Saharan

    • The expanse of Islam 

    • Mansa Musa, Timbuktu, Mecca etc.  

    • Camels, Camel Saddles 

  • Indian Ocean Basin

    • Swahili City States

    • India Trade Cities

    • Monsoon Winds 

  • Silk Road 

    • Kashgar, Samarkand 

    • Caravanserais 

    • Role of Mongol Control 

  • BONUS: Hanseatic Trade (Europe) 

Period 2 (1450-1750)

• Little Ice Age

• European Exploration & Colonization

  • Portugal - Prince Henry the Navigator, Dias, da Gama, Volta do Mar (wind wheels)

  • Spain - Conquistadors, Columbus, Reconquista 

  • France - Champlain, Cartier, NW Passage

  • England - Cabot, NW Passage

  • Dutch - NW Passage

• Joint Stock Companies 

  • VOC & EEIC 

• Columbian Exchange - Name - Plants, Animals, Diseases 

• Atlantic Slave Trade - Political, Cultural consequences (gender imbalance, syncretism - Vodun, Santeria, Cult of Guadalupe, Candomble, music, food) 

• Revolutions - Scientific Revolution, Protestant Reformation, Renaissance 

• Land-based Empires - Gunpowder Empires (Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal), Russia, Qing/Ming Dynasties, Songhai, Tokugawa Japan