Social 20 R2

Modern Nationalism

• In the 1700s-1900s the French still have an empire,  spread around the world

• France was devastated and quickly destroyed by WW2

• After the war, they needed to rebuild 

• They also wanted to build more jobs

• 1950s, 1960s, and even the 1970s, they encouraged immigration from the colonies

  • People from Africa and the Middle East become France’s source of cheap labour

  
  

• Countries around the world have come up with two different ways for people to qualify for FULL citizenship.

  • Canada, the US, and Australia use the method of Jus Soil (Right of Soil), meaning that any person born on their land automatically qualifies for FULL citizenship.

  • France and most other countries follow the method of Jus Sanguinis (Right of Blood), meaning that they must be able to trace their ancestry to that country in order to qualify for FULL citizenship.

• Many of these new immigrants moved to low-income housing, in the suburbs of paris 

• They had children born on French land but because of Jus Sanguinis, they did not qualify for full French citizenship.

• Because of this, they would have to pay extra to attend university, they couldn't qualify for government jobs, and they were overpoliced as well.

• Many of these people felt a disconnect between their lives and the French Revolution ideals.

• From the 1990s to this day, there have been many protests in France

  • One of their most iconic symbols has been the burning car

Red Ensign

• When Canada first became a country, it did not have its flag, rather it mainly used the British flag.

• It was used by Canadian soldiers in WW1 and WW2 

• In the 1950s and 1960s, there was a massive influx of immigrants to Canada

• This Red Ensign did not represent Canada’s growing multicultural society

• In the 1960s Canada held a competition to update/change the Canadian flag to make it more inclusive

• At the time, there was some controversy, especially among people who fought in WW1 and WW2, under the Red Ensign

•  They considered it disgraceful to remove the red ensign

• The winner was the flag we have today

Contending Loyalties

• Nationalist Loyalties

• Commitment to one’s nation

• Non-nationalist Loyalties

• Commitment to other aspects of people’s identity

Pluralism

• Canada is a multicultural country, which makes it a pluralistic society

  • Other words that can describe this are, multiculturalism, mosaic, etc

• The Canadian society is quite different than other countries when it comes to accepting immigrant

• Canada believes that its multiculturalism is something to be proud of and celebrate

• We get the hyphenated Canadian, because we believe in accommodation

• Canada is like a Garden Salad, a collection of different vegetables with distinct differences but still one garden salad

• In the US, they don't believe in a hyphenated American, once they become American, they lose their old culture, this is assimilation

• E pluribus unum which translates to “from many, one” 

Canada’s First Nations

• Canada had a history of a clear double standard with immigrants Canada, they allowed immigrants to…

  • Celebrate their differences

  • Keep their culture

• However, when dealing with First Nations people, the Canadian government followed the policy of assimilation.

• Forced to speak English

• Forced to convert to Catholicism

• The policy of assimilation could be seen with the Inuit

• They would be forced to change their names into numbers

• This started with the British government and was continued by the Canadian government

• A famous example was a lawyer named Kiviuq, who according to the government  was named E5-776

• The question becomes how can a person become loyal to Canada when the Canadian government cannot respect them or their culture

Reasonable Accommodation

• This is entrenched in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

• In the 1980s, the RCMP had a very strict uniform code…

• Males had to wear

  • A Stetson

  • No facial hair (except for a trimmed mustache)

• Women had to wear

  • A skirt

  • High heels

• The issue started with Baltej Singh Dhillon, who had qualified to become an RCMP officer.

• His religion was Sikhs which meant…

  • Could not cut their hair

  • Shave their face

• Despite passing all the tests, Dhillon was not allowed to become an RCMP officer until he adhered to their strict dress code which went against his religion.

• He challenged the RCMP uniform under reasonable accommodation

• As a result, the Canadian government changed the rules about the RCMP officer outfit, and  Baltej Singh Dhillon was able to become an RCMP officer with his beard and turban

• At the same time, the women’s uniform was also changed, disbanding the outfits that pandered to the gender roles

• A similar issue with the Canadian National Railway

• Refused to wear a safety helmet instead of a turban

• The case went to the Supreme Court, where it was ruled against

• Another issue was the Kirpan, this was a knife the Sikhs had to have on them all the time

• A student wanted to wear it to school because it was banned because of safety issues

• However the case 

• Quebec’s Bill 21, prohibited government workers from displaying large religious symbols. 

• Teachers, Police Officers, Nurses, Doctors,  etc

Herouxville Quebec

• They rejected the idea of reasonable accommodation

• They argued it was going too far, and that we were losing our Canadian identity

• They wanted to create a charter, that new immigrants would have to agree too

Newfoundland

• When Canada was created, Newfoundland remained a colony of Britain

• During WW1 and WW2, Newfoundland soldiers fought as a separate union

• The most tragic day in Newfoundland history, was July 1, 1916, in the battle of Beaumont-Hamel

  • Out of 780 soldiers, 324 were killed in action

• Newfoundland held a referendum in July 1948

  • In the first referendum, 43% voted to have a responsible government

  • In the second referendum, 52.3% voted to join Canada

• On March 31, 1949, Newfoundland became the tenth and most recent province to join Canada

  • They rushed to make sure they didn't join before April fools

• Newfoundlanders are conflicted every July 1st when they struggle to decide between a day of sorrow or celebration

Decolonization

• Started occurring after WW2

• A major cause of WW2 was competition for colonies

• After WW2, many countries, including granted their colonies, Self-Determination

  • Is the defined as what they wanted to do, (Lead themselves, Join another country, etc)

French Canadians 

• This is the biggest battle of contending loyalties in Canada

  • Between loyalty to Canada or the French ancestry

• To this day, the slogan on the Quebec license plate is “Je me souviens”

  • This translates to “I remember”

• Their first big injustice goes back to Acadia

  • Today,  it would be the province of New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia

  • They were originally a French colony

  • In the year 1710, the British took over the area

  • Another war with France was inevitable

  • Britain asked Acadians to take an oath of allegiance

  • Initially, Acadians refused, but they eventually came up with a compromise

    • They wouldn't have to take the oath, but they promised to remain neutral

  • As time passed, it became more likely, that they were going to war with France, and again the academic refused to take the oath of allegiance but remained neutral

  • Since Acadians refused, Acadians were forcibly deported 

  • Some returned to France, and many moved to the closest French colony, at the time, Louisiana

    • They became known as the Cajun

Seven Years War

• May 1756 the seven year’s war began and ended in 1763  

• This was the most important in Canadian history

• At the time, Britain and France dominated North America

  • This was a war to control North America

• The most important battle of this war occurred at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham.

  • The British general was James Wolfe

  • The French general was Louis-Joseph de Montcalm

    • Both died as a result of this battle

    • Despite that, the British won the battle, leading them to eventually win the entire war.

• This was the most consequential battle in Canadian history

• France was kicked off the continent, and the British gained complete control

Royal Proclamation

• Issued on October 1763

• After winning the war, Britain was faced with problems

  • They won this land, but a vast majority were French speakers and catholic

• New France turned into Quebec

• British decided on a policy of assimilation

  • Force the French to speak English

  • Change the French from catholic to protestant

• The problem was the French were the vast majority while the British were the minority.

• One thing they tried was any British soldier choosing to stay in Quebec, would be given free land.

Quebec Act

• Was issued in 1774

• The British would no longer try to assimilate the French

• Instead, they tried a bicultural policy

• The British promised to protect the French language, and catholic religion outside of Quebec, and in exchange, the French promised to protect the English language and protestant religion inside Quebec.

• Additionally, Quebec promised that if the 13 colonies were to rebel against Britain, they would remain neutral.

Confederation

• Quebec willingly joined the Confederation

  • But only on the promise that the Quebec Act would be upheld

• This country would be based on asymmetrical federalism

  • Asymmetrical federalism is defined as having a central federal government and provincial governments

• The Dominion of Canada was created, however, it was not independent

  • Canada didn’t have control over it’s foreign affairs

  • Supreme court decisions (anything about the constitution) were the matters of Britain

• The document that lead to the creation of Canada, and the British North America Act

British North America Act (BNA Act)

• Was issued on July 1st, 1867

• Was the act the first made the dominion of Canada a country

  • The first prime minister was John A Macdonald 

Red River Settlement

• This was the first challenge for Canada

• Prime Minister John A. Macdonald sent surveyors to this area

• They were dividing up the land for future immigrants (european)

• These surveyors were from ontario, and were called the “Orange Men/Order”

• The problem was there were already people living in this area, and this group was the “Metis”

• The Metis were…

  • Half French

  • Half Indigenous

  • Catholic

• However,  there one condition to join the dominion of Canada, was that they would be recognized as the metis, and have equal protection of their French language and catholicism.

• But John A Macdonald declined

• The Metis were lead but Louis Riel

  • They arrested surveyors and put them in jail

  • The most troublesome/annoying surveyor was Thomas Scott

  • They put Thomas Scott on trial, found him guilty, and sentenced him to execution

  • People in Ontario were furious and blamed Louis Riel and the Metis, and they wanted revenge

  • The problem for John A Macdonald at this point was that the Canadian Railway had not been completed and it would take too long to send the army to Red River

  • Macdonald was forced to negotiate a peace treaty

  • In 1871 the province of Manitoba was created, and it would protect the French language and the catholic church.

  • However, Louis Riel was still charged with the murder of Thomas Scott and was forced to escape to the US.

North-West Rebellion

• Occurred 1885

• Today’s Saskatchewan

• Once again the Metis are fighting for the French language and the catholic religion.

• The most important battle was the Battle of Batoche

• Louis Riel snuck back into Canada to join this battle

• And time the time the railway had been completed, the Canadian army was able to be immediately sent

  • They not only beat the metis but additionally but Louis Riel was captured

• Louis Riel was charged with the murder of Thomas Scott and also charged with treason

  • Treason is the act of going against your own country

• At the trial, Louis Riel’s lawyers wanted to use the defence of insanity

• Louis Riel did not take this defence

• He was found guilty and sentenced to death

• Prime Minister Macdonald had to power, to stop the death sentence

  • Metis and French pleaded to stop the execution

  • But Macdonald did not

• November 1885 Louis Riel was executed

  • To this Day PM Macdonald was blamed for this

Canada in WW1

• WW1 occurred in 1914

• The second challenge after Louis Riel

• Canada did not have full control of its sovereignty

• So when Britain declared war on Germany, Canada had no choice but to join

  • This means Canada never officially declared war in WW1

• Canada's PM was Robert Borden

  • He was a conservative

  • He promises no conscription

    • This was forced military service for all men aged 18-40

• The vast majority of the troops who volunteered  were English-Canadians

  • Very few French volunteered for this war

• English newspapers made fun of the French for being “cowards” and “slackers”

• As the war continued, the Canadian army was desperate for more soldiers, so PM Borden was thinking about breaking his promise of no conscription.

• In 1917,  an election was held nationwide for conscription

  • If you wanted conscription, you’d vote for Borden

  • If you didn’t want conscription, you’d vote for Wilfred Laurier

• After Borden won the election, he enacted the military service act, which boiled down to conscription 

• There were protests across Quebec, and some of them turned violent

  • Four French Canadians were killed and dozens were injured

  • This became another event that increased the tension among French and English Canadians

Canada in WW1

• Canada’s PM was William Lyon Mackenzie King (Mackenzie King)

  • Mackenzie King won the 1940 election on the promise of no conscription

• As WW2 continued,  the Canadian army needed more soldiers

• So  in 1944, he called a referendum

  • It was to ask permission if he would break his promise

• The majority voted yes,

• “Conscription if necessary, but not necessarily conscription” - William Lyon Mackenzie King.

Maurice Duplessis

• He was the leader of the provincial party “Union Nationale”

• He was also premier of Quebec in 1950, and 1950

• During this time, Quebec was the poorest province in the country

  • It had not industrialized

• Maurice treated French speakers in the province  as second-class classes

• Preferential treatment was given to English-speakers

  • They got government jobs

• French speakers were encouraged to stay on their farms, and have lots of kids, but not try to improve their position.

• Duplessis ruled the province with an iron fist and was the closest Canada had to a dictator.

  • Additionally, he ruled with the support of the catholic church

• He discriminated against his people to enrich himself and his family

• In 1959, Duplessis passed away, his death was almost immediately followed by the most important election in Quebec history

Jean Lesage

• The liberal candidate was Jean Lesage.

  • His slogan was “Maitres Chez Nous” which translates to “Masters of Our Own House”

  • No longer would they be treated like second-class citizens within their province

• It was a revitalization of the French language and culture, but at the same time the rejection of

• Quebec turned into a secular society

• Connected to the revitalization of the French language was electricity

• they built things like hydroelectric dams and became very rich selling electricity to the US

• Education for French Canadians becomes important

  • To this day, Quebec has the lowest post-secondary education prices

• Jean Lesage won the provincial election and became the next premier of Quebec

• He put these policies into practice and transformed the province of Quebec

• It was such a transformation for Quebec, the time period became known as the Quiet Revolution

Montreal Expo 1967

• In 1967 the World Fair was held in Montreal

• Due to the following reasons… 

  • It was Canada's 100th year of Existence

  • To show the French resilience and revolution

  • To show how far Quebec came

• Leaders around the world attended the Expo, and one such leader of the time was Charles de Gaulle.

  • He was the president of France

  • A WW2 Hero 

• He gave a speech in Montreal, in which he famously said “Vive le Quebec libre” which translates to “Long live Quebec Freedom”

• This speech became one of the events that led to the Quebec Independence movement.

  • The Quebec Indepecance movement was the idea that Quebec needed to separate from Canada to protect the French language and culture.

Royal Commision on Billingualism and Bicultarlism

• Was formed in 1963

• Was a government commission

• They investigated how to make Canada more welcoming to French speakers

• Following their investigation, in 1969 Canada announced the Official Languages Act

  •   It only applied to anything federal

October Crisis

• In 1963 Front de Liberation du Quebec was born

  • Their goal was Quebec's independence

• This was a domestic terrorist organization

  • They were separatists

  • They were willing to fight and die for their goals

• At first, they planted bombs on/in anything that symbolized English Canada

  • A notable example would be the mailbox bombing, that killed four innocent bystanders

• People who planted bombs were arrested and jailed

  • However, their response was becoming more aggressive

• They kidnapped and held captive two politicians, they included

  • Pierre Laporte

  • James Cross

• In exchange for the release of these hostages, the FLQ demanded 

  • The release of 23 FLQ prisoners held for bombings

  • 500,000 in gold bars and transport to Cuba

  • Publication of FLQ manifesto (statement of beliefs)

  • The government had 48 to fulfill these requests

• PM Pierre Trudeau refused to give in to the demands of the FLQ

• Rather he used the War Measures Act

  • This was a temporary suspension of individual rights and freedoms

  • Anyone suspected of being a part of the FLQ could be arrested, and held in jail indefinitely, without being charged with a crime

  • Homes could be searched, and other rights were violated too.

• About 500 French Canadians were arrested, and a vast majority were innocent

• The Canadian Army was called into Montreal to patrol the streets

• Many people complained, that Trudeau was turning into a dictator

• He was asked by a reporter how far he was willing to go, and his reply was “Just watch me…”

• The FLQ’s response was to kill Pierre Laporte

  • He was strangled to death, and his body was placed in a trunk

• After the murder of Pierre Laporte support for the FLQ dropped

• Using normal police power, the location of James Cross was discovered 

• A deal was negotiated between the government and the FLQ

  • The release of James Cross in exchange for a safe pass into Cuba

•  Following this, PM Trudeau revoked the War Measures Act and all rights were restored to all Canadians. In short, the October Crisis was over.

• The Quebec Independence movement still exists to this day, however, it is no longer violent and they are trying more diplomatic ways.

Parti Quebecois (PQ)

• A provincial party in Quebec, in favour of Quebec independence and separation

• Led by Rene Levesque

• In 1976 the PQ won the provincial elections, and Levesque became premier of Quebec

• The first law he passed was Bill 101

  • It made French the only official language in Quebec

    • This affected the courts, the laws, and the government by making them all French

• This also affected education, as the vast majority of schools would only teach French.

• The only exception was being born in Canada and having already begun schooling in English

• Business Signs

  • However, they could have a significantly smaller translation

• The main goal of Bill 101, was the protection of the French language.

• Premier Levesque believed that the time was right for the people of Quebec to have a referendum on the separation of Quebec from Canada

  • A sovereigntist is  someone who would vote yes to Quebec separating from Canada

    • Ex. Rene Lev

  • A federalist is someone who would vote no to Quebec separating from Canada

    • Ex. Pierre Trudeau

• The Federalists won and Quebec remained a part of Canada,

• Following the no vote, Premier Levesque gave a speech in which he famously said “A la prochaine fois” which translates to “Till the next time”

Patriation Of the Canadian Constitution

• Patriation means “taking home”

• Prime Minister Trudeau, took the Quebec no vote as a sign that Canada should achieve full independence

• The last step was Canada writing its own constitution

• The name of Canada’s  constitution was the Charter of Rights and Freedoms

  • Was signed in April 1982

• However, it did not come easy, there were difficult negotiations between the provinces and the government

• Additionally, it still reinforced the idea of asymmetrical federalism

• Equalization payments

  • This is the idea that richer provinces would pay more taxes, to help poorer provinces

  • The belief was that regardless of province, there would be a minimum standard across the country

Pierre Trudeau

• PM Pierre Trudeau still didn’t have agreement from the majority of the provinces 

• The provinces feared that Canada’s supreme court would have too much power PM Trudeau gave into provinces' demand for the NotWithStanding Clause

  • This allows provinces and the federal government to ignore/override Supreme Court decisions 

• With this clause included in the charter 9 of 10 provinces agreed except Quebec 

Bill 101

• The first challenge using the charters was English speakers, living in Quebec

• One of the protected things was both official languages

• The Supreme Court of Canada ruled against Bill 101, but Quebec invoked the Notwithstanding Clause.

  • So Bill 101, is still in effect today

Brian Mulroney & Meech Lake Accord

• Was the PM after Trudeau, 1984

• One of his main goals was to get Quebec to sign onto the charter

• In the year 1987, a first ministers meeting was held at Meech Lake, which is just outside Ottawa

  • A first ministers meeting refers to a meeting of the prime minister and all 10 premiers

  • The meeting was held behind closed doors

  • They were negotiating a new amendment to the charter to get Quebec to sign on

• After they agreed, it became known as the Meech Lake Accord

• The document began with the statement, “There are two founding nations in Canada, the English, and the French”

• The document recognized Quebec as a distinct society

• However, several problems emerged

  • The first problem was it did not include the Indigenous people (their accomplishments, and contributions it the creation of Canada were dismissed)

  • A second complaint was that this was done by politicians in secret, and the average Canadian citizen had no say/voice

  • The third issue that emerged was what exactly was meant by the term “distinct society”

    • Did this mean that Quebec had a special status? More power? More money? Then the other provinces.

  • The first person to speak out against Meech Lake was Elijah Harper.

    • His complaint was the lack of recognition of the Indigenous people

  • The second person to complain was Pierre Trudeau

    • His complaint was a “distinct society”

• Even though the 10 premiers originally agreed to the terms, due to the resistance the Meech Lake Accord did not pass.

  • Meaning that Quebec still had not signed the Charter

Charlottetown Accord 

• Attempted in 1992

• Tried to correct the mistakes of Meech Lake

• The document with the statement, “Canada had three founding nations, The French, the English, and the First Nations”

• Canada would hold a countrywide referendum

• Quebec would be identified as a distinct society, but still not defined

• Finally, Quebec would sign onto the Charter

• The results were…

  • 45% of people said yes

  • And 55% said no

• So the Accord was rejected

• Following this no vote, no PM has since attempted to get Quebec to sign onto the charter

1995 Quebec Referendum

• Quebec’s Second Sovereignty Referendum

• The rejection of Charlottetown encouraged the sovereignists to hold a 2nd referendum in Quebec on

• This time the sovereignists  were led by Jacques Parizeau, leader of the Parti Quebecois, and Premier of Quebec

• Lucien Bouchard was also a sovereignist who led the Bloc Quebecois

• The leader of the Federalists was PM Jean Chretien who like his predecessors, Trudeau and Mulrooney, was from Quebec.

• This time the vote was very close,...

  • 49.6% no

  • 50.585 yes

• Quebec remained a part of Canada, but just barely

• After the defeat, Jacques Parizeau blamed the loss on English business owners and immigrants in Quebec

  • Because of this statement, he was forced to resign the very next day

• In 2000 -the PM was Jean Chretien again, and he passed the Clarity Act

• A law that stated that Canada would only recognize a yes vote on separation if certain conditions were met 

1. Had a limit on # of referendums had

2. Had to have a clear question

3. 3. The Yes vote had to have a clear majority

2006 Quebec Nation

• The next issue that came up in Quebec was in 2006

• The Canadian PM at the time was Stephen Harper

• In Canada’s Parliament, the Bloc Quebecois wanted to pass a law, declaring Quebec a nation

  • PM Harper was caught in a tough position

• If parliament voted yes, the next question would be why wouldn’t Quebec separate

• If parliament voted no, it would be seen as an insult to Quebec, which could prompt Quebec's separation

• PM Harper’s solution was to mend the __ to recognize the Quebecois as a nation within Canada

  • However, some of English Canada feared that it was only singling Quebec as a nation

• Regardless of the criticism this issue was resolved

• Today the issue of Quebec separation has not emerged

First Nations in Canada

• Canada simultaneously had 2 different policies…

  • When it came to dealing with Quebec and immigrants, Biculturalism was the way

    • Biculturalism is the celebration of different cultures, traditions, etc

  • When it came to dealing with the First Nations, Starting with the Brits, and continued by the Canadian government, Forced Assimilation was the way

• The assimilation of this policy can be seen the the Indian Act signed in 1876

  • The Indian Act was a very paternalistic policy

    • Meaning that they’re treated like children, and they don't get the same rights

  • It also defined who was and wasn't “Status Indian”

  • It also led to the creation of residential schools

• Additionally, outlawed First Nations traditions and practices

  • Such as the Potlach

• It also led to the creation of reserves

  • Who could live on them

• Duncan Campbell Scott was Minister of Indian Affairs during the peak of the Indian

  • “Kill the Indian, Save the Child”

  • Is responsible for residential schools

• In 1969, PM Pierre Trudeau came up with a white paper on the Indian Act

  • And it was a complete abolishment of the Indian Act

  • Included

    • They’d be treated like any other Canadian

    • No special treatment

    • Treaties torn up

    • Criticized for being paternalistic

    • Additionally, First Nations People were not consulted

• First Nations people responded, and their response became known as the Red Paper

  • Was a rejection of the White Paper

  • And was a revitalization of First Nations People's Culture

Land Claims & Oka Crisis

• This is another issue within the First Nations and the government

• There are two problems with the land claims that emerged

  • Either treaties signed the the Canadians/British Government

  • Or the Government simply stole the land

• This issue of land claims reached its height in Oka

  • Just outside Montreal

  • The o

  • In the summer of 1990, the owner of a golf course wanted to expand, so he bought land from the city 

  • The problem was, that the Mohawk nation believed this was a violation of the treaty they had signed

  • So they set up a blockade that stopped construction

  • The Quebec Police were called in to take down the blockade, however, a gunfight occurred

    • A police officer was shot and killed

• The Canadian army was called in, 2 and a half month standoff

  • The situation was resolved when the Canadian government bought back the land from the owner and returned the land to the owner 

Apology

• In 2008 the government of Canada officially apologized to the First Nations people for residential schools

• Leading from the apology, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was created

• Their main report was 94 Calls to action, which

• The Idle No More was a movement to bring more attention to the calls to action when the government wasn’t fulfilling its promises

• Still to this day, however, a lot of FNPs are feeling marginalized

Reconciling Non-Nationalist Loyalties

• A loyalty that doesn’t relate to one’s nation (heritage) (culture)(what you were born

• Ex. Muslim National Loyalites

  • Within Islam, there is a separation

  • There are Shia and the are Sunni

    • Shias are much more orthodox

      • Wear the Niqab

    • Sunnis are much more liberal

      • Wear a hijab 

  • In the country of Iraq this divide clearly

    • In the south are Shia

    • In the north are Sunni

• And even further north are the Kurds

  • They are not ethnically arab

  • Also Sunni

  • Part of Iraq, Syria, Iran, Armenia, and Turkey

  • They are a minority, and they have faced persecution

  • They are persecuted because they don’t see themselves as  being of any of their countries

    • They want self-determination

  • The worst prosecutor was Saddam Hussien 

    • Used chemical weapons and bombs, against his people (including women and children)

Western Alienation

• This is an example of a non-national loyalty

  • Rather, this is a regional loyalty

• Western Canada believes that because our system of government is based on Rep by Pop (Representation by Population) concerns from Western Canada are consistently ignored

• Because the majority of Canada’s population in is Ontario and Quebec, the government can ignore Western Canada and still get reelected

• This issue of Western Alienation could be seen in the late 1970’s

• During this time there was an oil/gas shortage, 

  • This causes the price of oil/gas to reach an all-time high

• Alberta has a lot of oil, so the province was going to become very rich

• At the time the Canadian PM was Pierre Trudeau, and he believed rather than a single province prospering and benefitting 

  • He believed that all of Canada should prosper and benefit

• He wanted to introduce, what became known as the National Energy Program (NEP)

• He would force Alberta to sell oil to other provinces, at the low market value

• Alberta would lose hundreds of millions of dollars, and  gain a super-high unemployment rate

• Alberta’s Premier at the time was Peter Lougheed

  • He argued against Trudeau and the NEP

• Although the NEP was never introduced,  just the threat created tensions within Alberta

• When Alberta signed the charter in 1982, Alberta’s main condition was that natural resources be completely controlled by the provincial government

• Still today, the Liberal party has trouble winning any seats in Alberta

  • This is one of the legacies left by the NEP

Michaelle Jean

• She is an example of a Canadian dealing with contending loyalties

• Her ancestors had been slaves

• She came to Canada as a refugee

• She was raised in Montreal

• She was a CBC journalist

• Her husband was Jean-Daniel Laford

  • There were whispers that he was a Quebec separatist

• In 2005 she was named Governor General of Canada

• Some people complained about how could she be the government general of Canada if she had dual citizenship in France and Canada

• Came up with her own coat of arms that represented her contending loyalties and ideals 

• Today our Governer General is Mary Simon

  • She is Inuit

  • First FNP in this position

Alberta Contending Loyalties

• Many people in Alberta struggle between the wealth, the jobs, that the production of oil provides us, and the protection of the environment

Jim Crow Laws

• Many black people in the US, struggle with their loyalties to the country, that has historically discriminated against them

• It started with slavery and continued with the US Civil War

  • This is what led to the confederate flag being offensive

    • The confederates were in the South and were fighting to maintain slavery in the South

• This led people to wonder how they could be loyal to a country that had a history of racism and discrimination against them

• The North won the Civil War, and slavery was outlawed 

• But the consolation prize for the South, was them getting the Jim Crow laws

• The Jim Crow laws were the legalization of the segregation between the white majority, and black minority

  • Giving advantages to white people

• The first time the Jim Crow laws were challenged was in the case Plessy v. Ferguson in the year 1896

  • The Supreme Court ruled in favour of Jim Crow laws, there argument was “separate but equal”

• The second time the Jim Crow laws were challenged was in the case of Brown v. The Board of Education

  • This ended segregation in public schools

• Following Ruby Bridges, was the Little Rock Nine

  • They were black high school students who wanted to go to all-white schools

  • It was not a smooth transition

Wilson Siding Hutterite

• It was part of their belief to never have a picture of themselves

• They refused to get a photo ID and challenged it under reasonable accommodation, the supreme court ruled against them, 

  • They would have to get a photo ID to drive.