chapter 20 notes euro

The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte

Born in 1769, originally from Corsica.
Moved to France, attended military school, and became an artillery officer.
Named commander of the French army in Italy, achieving great success.
Fought in Austria and later Egypt.
Returned from Egypt, became First Consul of France with a new constitution.

Reconciled with Catholics who were previously alienated.
Centralized state power and suppressed freedom of the press.
Organized meetings against opposition; reduced the number of newspapers.
Struck against royalist conspirators.
Cultivated personal image; put his face on coins, paintings, and monuments.
Initiated projects like the Arc de Triomphe and the Stock Exchange.
Maintained a strong work ethic, appointed illustrious individuals and former nobles as senators.
Founded the Legion of Honor, a new nobility with pensions, fortunes, and territories.
Made his family rulers of nearby kingdoms.
Divorced his wife Josephine for not producing heirs; married Marie-Louise of Austria, had a son.

Established the Napoleonic Code, reinforcing male dominance over women.
Focused on property rights, religious liberty, and uniform law.
Curtailed women's rights; restricted their roles to domestic duties.
Banned previously permitted divorce and limited educational opportunities for girls.
Established a new system of lycees for boys and limited workers' rights, favoring businesses.

Modernized French society through support of science.
Notable figure Anne-Louise-Germaine de Staël was exiled for being a female writer.
Many royalists and Catholics viewed him as an usurper.

Unified armies into the Grand Army, commanding 700,000 troops.
Inspired loyalty through personal and centralized command.
Treaty of Amiens (1802) ended hostilities between France, Austria, and Britain.
Had to withdraw troops from St. Domingue and sold the Louisiana Territory to the USA in 1803.
Battle of Trafalgar (1805) marked a defeat for France but seized victory at Austerlitz against Austria, Russia, and Prussia.
The Treaty of Tilsit saw France ally with Russia against Britain.

Brought states together for effective governance.
Established the Confederation of the Rhine; HRE surrendered his title.
Imposed French-style reforms on annexed territories.
The Continental System forbade trade between GB and France, impacting GB's economy.
March on Spain for non-compliance with the Continental System.

Conflict between France, GB, and Russia.
Russia broke from the Continental System; Napoleon invaded Russia (1812).
Faced challenges fighting on two fronts.
Retreat from burned Moscow, lost vast numbers of troops (500,000).
Battle of Nations (Leipzig, 1813) involved multiple powers defeating Napoleon; he renounced his throne on April 12, 1814.
Louis XVIII returned; Napoleon was exiled to Elba, but escaped.

Assembly determined European nation rules and boundaries post-war.
Sought post-war stability; known as the restoration.
Addressed international trade issues; agreed to ban slavery in principle.
Democratic order shifted to a treaty system from “divine right.”
Key powers: Austria, Russia, Prussia, Britain, France; notable figures included Klemens von Metternich and Robert Castlereagh.

Conservatism arose to justify political restoration, emphasizing monarchies, tradition, and established religion.
Edmund Burke argued for government rooted in experience, not just revolutionary ideals.
Louis XVIII attempted to uphold some traditions from Napoleon, despite pressures from Ultras.

Amid upheaval, many returned to faith; revival meetings and missionary efforts proliferated.
Methodists focused on education for the poor, influencing social dynamics.
The Second Great Awakening occurred in the U.S.; missionary work expanded into British India.

Romanticism celebrated emotion, nature, and personal expression across various arts.
Influenced by folklore and a quest for national identity.
Sir Walter Scott's works like The Lady of the Lake showcased these ideals.
Romantic poetry (e.g., Byron, Wordsworth) emphasized feelings and individualism.
Artists like Caspar David Friedrich and Eugène Delacroix depicted dramatic, natural scenes.
Ludwig van Beethoven's compositions expressed profound emotional experiences.

National independence movements arose in various regions: Spain, Italy, Russia, Greece, and Latin America.
Secret societies (e.g., Carbonari) advocated for constitutional freedoms.
In Austria, rebellions were suppressed; nationalist societies attempted reforms.
Decembrist revolt in Russia pushed for constitutional change.
Ottoman Empire faced nationalist challenges, leading to the Treaty of Adrianople (1829), granting Greece independence.

New waves of liberal and nationalist revolutions arose.
Significant events occurred in France, Britain, and across Europe.
The Reform Bill of 1832 addressed various political and social issues, including labor and voting rights.