chapter 20 notes euro

The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte

• Born in 1769, originally from Corsica.

• Moved to France, attended military school, and became an artillery officer.

• Named commander of the French army in Italy, achieving great success.

• Fought in Austria and later Egypt.

• Returned from Egypt, became First Consul of France with a new constitution.

From Republic to Empire

• Reconciled with Catholics who were previously alienated.

• Centralized state power and suppressed freedom of the press.

• Organized meetings against opposition; reduced the number of newspapers.

• Struck against royalist conspirators.

• Cultivated personal image; put his face on coins, paintings, and monuments.

• Initiated projects like the Arc de Triomphe and the Stock Exchange.

• Maintained a strong work ethic, appointed illustrious individuals and former nobles as senators.

• Founded the Legion of Honor, a new nobility with pensions, fortunes, and territories.

• Made his family rulers of nearby kingdoms.

• Divorced his wife Josephine for not producing heirs; married Marie-Louise of Austria, had a son.

The New Paternalism: The Civil Code

• Established the Napoleonic Code, reinforcing male dominance over women.

• Focused on property rights, religious liberty, and uniform law.

• Curtailed women's rights; restricted their roles to domestic duties.

• Banned previously permitted divorce and limited educational opportunities for girls.

• Established a new system of lycees for boys and limited workers' rights, favoring businesses.

Patronage of Science and Intellectual Life

• Modernized French society through support of science.

• Notable figure Anne-Louise-Germaine de Staël was exiled for being a female writer.

• Many royalists and Catholics viewed him as an usurper.

The Grand Army and Its Victories

• Unified armies into the Grand Army, commanding 700,000 troops.

• Inspired loyalty through personal and centralized command.

• Treaty of Amiens (1802) ended hostilities between France, Austria, and Britain.

• Had to withdraw troops from St. Domingue and sold the Louisiana Territory to the USA in 1803.

• Battle of Trafalgar (1805) marked a defeat for France but seized victory at Austerlitz against Austria, Russia, and Prussia.

• The Treaty of Tilsit saw France ally with Russia against Britain.

Impact of French Victories

• Brought states together for effective governance.

• Established the Confederation of the Rhine; HRE surrendered his title.

• Imposed French-style reforms on annexed territories.

• The Continental System forbade trade between GB and France, impacting GB's economy.

• March on Spain for non-compliance with the Continental System.

Revolts from Spain in Madrid (May 1808)

• Spain's revolts highlighted resistance to French rule.

From Russian Winter to Final Defeat

• Conflict between France, GB, and Russia.

• Russia broke from the Continental System; Napoleon invaded Russia (1812).

• Faced challenges fighting on two fronts.

• Retreat from burned Moscow, lost vast numbers of troops (500,000).

• Battle of Nations (Leipzig, 1813) involved multiple powers defeating Napoleon; he renounced his throne on April 12, 1814.

• Louis XVIII returned; Napoleon was exiled to Elba, but escaped.

Battle of Waterloo

• Napoleon defeated at Waterloo; labeled as the Hundred Days.

• Finally exiled to St. Helena, where he died.

The Congress of Vienna

• Assembly determined European nation rules and boundaries post-war.

• Sought post-war stability; known as the restoration.

• Addressed international trade issues; agreed to ban slavery in principle.

• Democratic order shifted to a treaty system from “divine right.”

• Key powers: Austria, Russia, Prussia, Britain, France; notable figures included Klemens von Metternich and Robert Castlereagh.

The Emergence of Conservatism

• Conservatism arose to justify political restoration, emphasizing monarchies, tradition, and established religion.

• Edmund Burke argued for government rooted in experience, not just revolutionary ideals.

• Louis XVIII attempted to uphold some traditions from Napoleon, despite pressures from Ultras.

The Revival of Religion

• Amid upheaval, many returned to faith; revival meetings and missionary efforts proliferated.

• Methodists focused on education for the poor, influencing social dynamics.

• The Second Great Awakening occurred in the U.S.; missionary work expanded into British India.

Romanticism

• Romanticism celebrated emotion, nature, and personal expression across various arts.

• Influenced by folklore and a quest for national identity.

• Sir Walter Scott's works like The Lady of the Lake showcased these ideals.

• Romantic poetry (e.g., Byron, Wordsworth) emphasized feelings and individualism.

• Artists like Caspar David Friedrich and Eugène Delacroix depicted dramatic, natural scenes.

• Ludwig van Beethoven's compositions expressed profound emotional experiences.

Political Revolts in the 1820s

• National independence movements arose in various regions: Spain, Italy, Russia, Greece, and Latin America.

• Secret societies (e.g., Carbonari) advocated for constitutional freedoms.

• In Austria, rebellions were suppressed; nationalist societies attempted reforms.

• Decembrist revolt in Russia pushed for constitutional change.

• Ottoman Empire faced nationalist challenges, leading to the Treaty of Adrianople (1829), granting Greece independence.

Revolution and Reform (1830 - 1832)

• New waves of liberal and nationalist revolutions arose.

• Significant events occurred in France, Britain, and across Europe.

• The Reform Bill of 1832 addressed various political and social issues, including labor and voting rights.