•d. According to the Pew Internet and American Life Project, one out of five American adults say they have never used the Internet or e-mail and do not live in an Internet-connected household.

•e. These “truly disconnected adults” are people with less than a high school education, or who are over 65, or who live in a rural area.

Chapter 9:

Q1) Define the word advertise.

Ans) Originally meant to take note or to consider, but by the 1700s, the word’s meaning had changed to mean “to persuade.”

Q2) Daniel Boorstin says advertising in America shares three characteristics- What are they?

Ans) •1. Repetition means repeating a simple message to make it more effective.

•2. An advertising style made up of plain-talk and tall-talk that “is not untrue, and yet, in its connotation it is not exactly true,” according to Boorstin. This is a world of neither true or false of the statement that 60 percent of the physicians who expressed a choice said that our brand of aspirin would be more effective in curing a simple headache than any other brand. It is not untrue, and yet in its connotation it is not exactly true.

Ubiquity- Advertisers are always looking for new places to catch consumers attention. Ads appear on shopping carts, on video screens at sports stadiums, atop parking meters. The ubiquity of advertising is of course just another effect of our uninhibited efforts to use all the media to get all sorts of information to everybody everywhere

Q3) Briefly describe how advertising work and the six department.

Ans)

Marketing
Media Selection
Creative Activity
Account management
Adminstration

Chapter 10

Q1) Explain the three ways to encourage people to do what you want them to do?

Ans) 1•Power involves ruling by law, but it also can mean ruling by peer pressure—someone does something because his or her friends do.

•2. Patronage is a polite term for bribery—paying someone with favors or money to do what you want.

•3. Persuasion, the act of using argument or reasoning to induce someone to do something, is the approach of public relations.

Q2) Who best-known early practitioner of public relations?

Ans) Ivy Lee, who began his PR career by opening an office in New York with George F. Parker.

Q3) Who was called the father of public relations?

Ans) Bernays and Ivy Lee

Q4) Define public relation according to Bernays.

Ans) “is the attempt, by information, persuasion and adjustment, to engineer public support for an activity, cause, movement or institution.”

Q5) Explain image and reputation.

Ans) •From a public relations perspective, reputation is the result of what you do, what you say, and what others say about you. One reason for the continuing growth of public relations is that organizations are paying more attention to this, realizing that what people say affects the bottom line.

•Reputation is probably the single most-important asset an organization has. Reputation is the single basis for the financial dominance of Coca-Cola, the world’s most

Q6) How does positioning and branding work in PR?

Ans) A process of managing how an organization wants to be seen and known by its publics. A concept drawn from marketing, positioning specifically deals with establishing and maintaining a distinctive place for an organization vis-à-vis its competitors.

•It is the organization’s competitive posture. Organizational identity is the way an organization consciously projects itself visually as an expression of its personality.

•An identity system involves tools such as the organization’s name and logo, brochures, news releases, interviews, advertisements, letterhead, posters, manuals, signage, publication layout and design, correspondence, websites, social media sites, videos, voice mail and telephone answering, uniform use of color, and other means of communication.

CHAPTER 11

Q1) Explain the alien and sedition law.

Ans) The Alien and Sedition Laws set a fine of up to $2,000 and a sentence of up to two years in jail for anyone who was found guilty of speaking, writing or publishing “false, scandalous and malicious writing or writings” against the government, Congress or the president.

Q2) Define prior restraint.

Ans) Government censorship of information before the information is published or broadcasted.

Q3) Who is the founder of WikiLeaks and what is wikileaks?

Ans) Juliane Assange.
An organization devoted to uncovering government secrets.

Q4) •What Is the Standard for Obscenity and what are the three reasons critics try to challenge content?

Ans) Most threats of censorship concern matters of morality.
1- The material is considered 'sexually explicit'
2- The material contains 'offensive language'
3- The material is 'unsuited to an age group'

Q5) Explain invasion of privacy defined in four ways.

Ans)1. By intruding on a person’s physical or mental solitude.
2. By publishing or disclosing embarrassing personal facts.
3. By giving someone publicity that places the person in a false light.
4. By using someone’s name or likeness for commercial benefit.

CHAPTER 12

Q1) Define Privacy and Surveillance.

Ans) •In defense of information collection and surveillance, many websites argue that, by using their services, individuals are agreeing to make their personal information available.

•However, many people don’t realize the extent of surveillance capabilities or know how to protect certain personal information while using online tools. The more people rely on the Internet for shopping, communication, social networking, and media consumption, the more their personal data is stored online. Every time a person subscribes to a magazine, joins an organization, donates money to charity, gives to a political cause, or searches the pages of a government agency, that information is stored in a computer (Privacy Rights Clearinghouse, 2010).

•For example, cookies, text files that web page servers embed in users’ hard drives, help search engines like Google and Yahoo! track their customers’ search histories, buying habits, and browsing patterns. Cookies stored by Google last for 30 years (Godoy, 2006).

•Surveillance can range from the monitoring of online activity by employers and other institutions that want to make sure users are following guidelines, to high-level government investigations of terrorist activity.

Q2) Define Copyright and Plagiarism.

Ans) •Now that a large amount of research can easily be conducted online, and content can be copied and pasted from one platform to another with no more than the click of a button, concerns about plagiarism and copyright infringement are more relevant than ever.

•The concepts of copyright infringement and plagiarism can easily be confused with each other. The following provides an overview of copyright, its issues and limitations, and its distinction from plagiarism.

•Copyright is a form of protection provided by U.S. law, under which the creator of an original artistic or intellectual work is automatically granted certain rights, including the right to distribute, copy, and modify the work (U.S. Copyright Office). If someone rents a movie from Netflix, for example, and watches it with his friends, he hasn’t violated any copyright laws because Netflix has paid for a license to loan the movie to its customers.

However, if the same person rents a movie and burns himself a copy to watch later, he has violated copyright law because he has not paid for nor obtained the film creators’ permission to copy the movie

•Sometimes plagiarism becomes confused with copyright violation. However, the two words are not synonymous; while there can be some overlap between them, not every instance of plagiarism involves copyright violation, and not every instance of copyright violation is an act of plagiarism.

• For one thing, while copyright violation can involve a wide range of acts, plagiarism is defined more narrowly as using someone else’s information, writing, or speech without properly documenting or citing the source.

•In other words, plagiarism involves representing another person’s work as one’s own.

Q3) What are The following list offers suggestions for ways to avoid plagiarism in your own work?

Ans)•Don’t procrastinate.

•Avoid taking shortcuts.

•Take thorough notes and keep accurate records.

•Rephrase ideas in your own words.

•Provide citations or attributions for all sources.

•Ask your instructor when in doubt (Longman Publishers).

Q4) According to the U.S. government, there are four issues to consider when determining fair use: What are they?

Ans) •The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes

•The nature of the copyrighted work

•The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole

•The effect of the use on the potential market for, or value of, the copyrighted work (U.S. Copyright Office, 2009)

CHAPTER 13

Q1) What is media literacy?

Ans) According to the nonprofit National Association for Media Literacy Education (NAMLE), a person who is media literate can access, analyze, evaluate, and communicate information.

Q2) Explain Media literacy seeks to give media consumers the ability to understand this new language. What the are the following questions asked by those that are media literate?

Ans)Who created the message?
What are the author’s credentials?
Why was the message created?
Is the message trying to get me to act or think in a certain way?
Is someone making money for creating this message?
Who is the intended audience?
How do I know this information is accurate?

Q3)Why be media literate? Give examples.

Ans) Not all that information is created equal. One crucial role of media literacy education is to enable us to skeptically examine the often-conflicting media messages we receive every day.

Q4)Briefly explain Bias, Spin, and Misinformation?

Ans) •Advertisements may have the explicit goal of selling a product or idea, but they’re not the only kind of media message with an agenda.

•A politician may hope to persuade potential voters that he has their best interests at heart.

•Magazine writers might avoid criticizing companies that advertise heavily in their pages.

•News reporters may sensationalize stories to boost ratings—and advertising rates.

•Mass-communication messages are created by individuals, and each individual has his or her own set of values, assumptions, and priorities

Q5) Media literacy skills help us function better in our media-rich environment, enabling us to be better democratic citizens, smarter shoppers, and more skeptical media consumers. When analyzing media messages, Which are the followings you should consider? Explain in your own understanding?

Ans) •Author: Consider who is presenting the information. Is it a news organization, a corporation, or an individual? What links do they have to the information they are providing? A news station might be owned by the company it is reporting on; likewise, an individual might have financial reasons for supporting a certain message.

•Format: Television and print media often use images to grab people’s attention. Do the visuals only present one side of the story? Is the footage overly graphic or designed to provoke a specific reaction? Which celebrities or professionals are endorsing this message?

•Audience: Imagine yourself in another’s shoes. Would someone of the opposite gender feel the same way as you do about this message? How might someone of a different race or nationality feel about it? How might an older or younger person interpret this information differently? Was this message made to appeal to a specific audience?

•Content: Even content providers that try to present information objectively can have an unconscious slant. Analyze who is presenting this message. Does he or she have any clear political affiliations? Is he or she being paid to speak or write this information? What unconscious influences might be at work?

•Purpose: Nothing is communicated by mass media without a reason. What reaction is the message trying to provoke? Are you being told to feel or act a certain way? Examine the information closely and look for possible hidden agendas.

Note