APUSH MIDTERMS Periods 1-6

pueblo people: native americans that lived in modern day utah and colorado; they were farmers who spent their time harvesting crops like beans, squash, and maize and within these farms there were advanced irrigation systems (take river water and divert it to water their crops) and built small urban centers out of hardened clay bricks 

iroquois people: native americans that lived it northeast; they were farmers who planted crops and lived communally in longhouses constructed from timber 

columbian exchange: the process by which plants, animals, diseases, people, and ideas have been introduced by Europe, Asia, and Africa (old world) to the Americas (new world) and vice versa (increase trade and food production) 

treaty of tordesillas 1494: the division of the “New World” into land, resources, and people claimed by Spain and Portugal; Spain took west of Brazil and Portugal took east of Brazil (signed in Tordesillas, Spain on June 7)

john cabot in north america 1497: sailed from Bristol, England and discovered Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island in the North American coast (Canada) and was commissioned by King Henry Vll

ponce de leon in florida 1513:  first European to reach Florida when he landed on the coast at a site between Saint Augustine and Melbourne Beach; he named it Florida because it was discovered at Easter time (Pascua Florida or Feast of Flowers which was Easter celebration in Spain)

coronado in SW US 1540: Spanish conquistador and explorer who led a large expedition from what is now Mexico to present day Kansas through parts of the southwestern US; he was assigned the task of locating the fabled seven cities of Cibola in the New World for Spain

mestizo: mixed European and Indigenous American ancestry 

founding of roanoke 1584: philip amadas and arthur barlowe were the first Europeans to set eyes on the island in NC; they were sent by sir walter raleigh of england with a goal to harass spanish shipping, mine for gold and silver, discover passage to pacific ocean, and Christainize the indians 

sir francis drake WC 1579: discovered San Francisco California where he fixed his ship called “Golden Hind” 

founding of jamestown 1607: 104 English men arrived in Virginia to create the first permanent English settlement in North America, which they named after their king, James l. 

headright system: a grant of land given to civilians who paid for immigrants to move to colonial America, usually 50 acres, given to settlers in the 13 colonies, increasing population in British colonies 

bartolomé de las casas: first european to advocate for the rights of Native Americans in the New World 

spanish mission system: catholic missions  by the spanish empire with the goal to convert Native Americans to christianity 

founding of quebec 1608: first permanent French settlement in North America (Canada) founded by Samual de Champlin

tobacco farming VA 1614: John Rolfe introduced tobacco to VA via the Virginia colony

slaves brought to british america 1619: 20-30 enslaved Africans from Angola were brought to VA aboard an English privateer ship called the White Lion; they were traded in exchange for supplies 

rice cultivation in the carolinas: in the 1690s planters who had settled in the southern parts of this colony found they had the right geography and climate to make rice their agricultural crop

plymouth colony and mayflower compact 1620: a set of rules for the self-governance established by English settlers coming in on the Mayflower; they landed in Plymouth County but were supposed to land in VA

massachusetts bay colony 1629: chartered and settled by about eleven thousand Puritans under the guidance of governor John Winthrop and with Puritan beliefs and values 

“city upon a hill” john winthrop: he believed the eyes of the whole world would be upon them like they were a city on a hill when he established a godly society 

roger williams 1634: he was invited by the church of Salem MA to become their pastor but was banished from MA Bay by the civil authorities for his dangerous views (magistrates had no right to interfere in matters of religion)

maryland toleration act 1649: an act that ensured freedom of religion for Christian settlers of diverse persuasions in the Maryland colony

navigation acts 1650: act that prevented colonies from trading with other European nations; followed by several other acts that imposed additional restrictions on colonial trade

bacon’s rebellion 1676: an armed rebellion by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkely after he refused Bacon’s request to drive Native Americans out of Virginia; ended in Berkeley being sent back to England 

dominion of new england 1686: a union of several New England colonies formed by King James ll of England and was part of a larger plan to tighten British administration on the colonies 

king william’s war 1689: first of six colonial wars  fought between New France and New England along with their Native allies 

salem witch trials 1692: a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial MA 

enlightenment: a period in the 18th century that stressed the belief that science and logic give people more knowledge and understanding then tradition and religion; an intellectual and philosophical movement in Europe 

john locke: british philosopher who pioneered the ideas of natural law, social contract, religious toleration, and the right to revolution; essential to American Revolution and U.S. constitution 

king philip’s war: conflict between Indian tribes and New England colonists and their Indian allies; named after Metacom and Indian chief who created an alliance with the colonists

great awakening: a period when spirituality and religious devotion were revived; three-four waves of increased religious enthusiasm between the early 18th century and late 20th century

george whitefield: a great preacher who had been an alehouse attendant and everyone in the colonies loved to hear him preach of love and forgiveness; lead to new missionary work in the Americas in converting Indians and Africans to Christianity 

molasses act: a British law that imposed a tax on molasses, sugar, and rum imported from non-british foreign colonies into North American colonies 

french and indian war begins 1754: a series of incidents in the upper Ohio valley, which the French and British governments both claimed as their territory 

albany plan of union 1754: a plan to place the British North American colonies under a more centralized government; in July of 1754 seven representatives from seven of the British North American colonies adopted the plan 

french and indian war 1754-1763: the North American part of the Seven Years War; established Britain as the European authority in North America and catalyzed the beginnings of and American identity (the english won and spread their territory)

writs of assistance 1761: general search warrants that British American courts began issuing to empower customs officials to combat smuggling 

treaty of paris 1763: between Britain, France, and Spain which ended the Seven Years War (and French and Indian War) France lost India, Canada, and some Caribbean islands to Britain: New Orleans and the land west of the mississippi went to Spain

pontiac's rebellion: Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottawa chief named Pontaics; they oppose British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area and it stopped when the chief was killed 

proclamation line of 1763: proclamation from the british government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the appalachian mountains and anyone living west of the mountains had to move back east

sugar act 1764: british placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses but colonists avoided this tax by smuggling and bribing tax collectors 

stamp act 1765: a tax british placed on newspaper and official documents sold in the American colonies; led to more rebellion and hatred for England and cost colonies a lot of money 

stamp act congress: first convention called for by the American Colonies to discuss a unified response to the Stamp Act 

quartering act 1766: 1500 British troops arrived in NYC but they failed to comply with the act and refused to provide supplies to the troops, so they were forced to remain on their ships 

townshend acts 1767: initiated taxes on glass, lead, paint, paper, tea

boston massacre 1770: british sentries guarding the Boston Customs house shot into a crowd of civilians who were insulting and threatening them, killing three men and injuring eight 

committees of correspondence: longstanding institutions that functioned mainly as a means of spreading news and info about the Patriot cause and mobilizing opposition to British policies in cities, towns, and communities throughout the colonies 

boston tea party 1773: political protest in Griffin's Wharf in Boston by American colonists who were frustrated at Britain for imposing “taxation without representation” dumped 342 chests of tea imported by the British East India company into the harbor 

intolerable acts 1774: series of four laws passed by the British Parliament to punish the colony of MA Bay for the Boston Tea Party

sons of liberty: an organization of American colonists by Samual Adams in the early years of the American revolution that used acts of civil disobedience and violence to protest British taxation and push for independence 

first continental congress philly 1774: meeting held in Carpenters Hall in Philly from Sept-Oct with all colonies except for Georgia; the colonies presented were there in determination to show a combined authority to Great Britain 

second continental congress 1775: delegates from all colonies that met in Philly soon after warfare in the revolution 

paine’s common sense 1776: written by Thomas Paine and called for the colonists to realize their mistreatment and push for independence from england; he believed that a small heavenly body should not be controlling a larger one/England shouldn’t rule over the colonies 

declaration of independence 1776: formal document in which the continental congress detailed its reasons for breaking political bonds with Great Britain and it declared independence from British rule 

articles of confederation 1777: first constitution of the US and they established a loose confederation of states with a weak central government; government was given the power to conduct foreign relations and regulate trade between states 

treaty of paris 1783: ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain on one side and the USA and its allies on the other; recognized US independence and granted the US significant western territory 

shay’s rebellion 1786: uprising in MA because a shortage of hard money left western farmers in danger of losing their lands to foreclosure as a failure to pay their debts and taxes; exposed the weakness of the government under the articles of confederation 

constitutional convention 1787: a meeting called to address the problem of the weak central government that existed under the articles of confederation; proposed a constitution that created a limited but dynamic central government embodying federalism and providing for a separation of powers between its three branches 

federalist vs. anti-federalists: federalists wanted a strong central government while anti-federalists wanted small state governments 

great/connecticut compromise: agreement between the small and largest states defining legislative structure and representation that each state would be entitled to in the US constitution; congress would become a two part body with each state having a number of representatives in the lower (the House) proportional to its population and two representatives in the upper (the Senate)

⅗ compromise: part of the constitutional convention that determined that three out of five slaves were counted when determining a state total population for legislative representation and taxation; slaves were considered ⅗ a person 

northwest ordinance: established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the union on equal footing with the original 13 states 

(washington becomes first president 1789-1796))

bill of rights ratified 1791: ¾ of the existing state legislatures ratified the first 10 amendments of the constitution; anti-federalists felt that a bill of rights was needed to safeguard individual liberty 

first bank of the united states established: established 1791 and was a central bank proposed by Alexander Hamilton; it issued paper money, completed commercial transactions, and collected government tax revenues as well as lent money to the government; improve and build the nations credit and create common currency 

hamilton vs. jefferson: hamilton became leading voice of the federalists who believed the federal government needed to be strong and jefferson argued that too much power in the hands of the government would lead to a tyranny 

whiskey rebellion 1794: uprising of western PA farmers in response to Hamilton’s excise tax on whiskey; first test of federal authority in the US 

jay’s treaty 1795: between US and GB where Britain agreed to evacuate the northwest territory by june 1796 to compensate for its depredations against American shipping, end discrimination against American commerce, and to grant US trading privileges in England and the British East Indies 

pinckney’s treaty: between US and Spain which gave the US the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans 

washington’s farewell address 1796: told Americans to set aside their violent likes and dislikes of foreign nations, lest they be controlled by their passions referring to the French meddling with US politics; served as inspo for American isolationism and his advice for joining a permanent alliance was heeded for more than a century and a half 

(president john adams 1796-1800))

XYZ affair: insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead sent three french agents called “X,Y, and Z” that demanded 250,000 dollars as a bribe to see Talleyrand 

alien and sedition acts 1798: four laws that  raised the residency requirements for citizenship from 5 to 14 years, authorized the president to deport “aliens”, and permitted their arrest, imprisonment, and deportation during war time and let people who opposed the government to be prosecuted against 

kentucky and virginia resolutions: political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799 where both of these states took the position that the alien and sedition acts were unconstitutional 

(president thomas jefferson 1800-1808)

louisiana purchase 1803: land deal between the US and France in which the US acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million

marbury vs. madison 1803: court case that resulted in the US supreme court establishing the principle of Judicial Review, giving the court the power to review and strike down laws passed by Congress of the states if they are deemed unconstitutional 

embargo act 1807: prohibited US vessels from trading with European nations during the Napoleonic War

(president james madison 1808-1816)

nonintercourse act 1809: replaced the embargo act by forbidding trade with strictly just France and Britain because of them interfering with our merchant ships during the war 

war of 1812: military conflict between US and Great Britain sparked by British interference with trade and the imprisonment of American sailors by British Navy 

hartford convention 1814: meeting in Connecticut where the New England federalist party met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power 

(president james monroe 1816-1824)

2nd bank of the united states 1816: established to bring stability to the national economy, serve as the depository for national funds, and provide the government with the means of floating loans and transferring money across the country; after the first bank’s charter expired 

mcculloch vs. maryland: court case that decided that the federal government had the right and power to set up a federal bank and that states did not have the power to tax the federal government 

missouri compromise 1820: admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a non-slave state at the same time to keep a balance between slave and free states in the nation; outlawed slavery above the 36’30’ latitude line in the remainder of the Lousianna territory 

monroe doctrine 1823: asserted the principle that the Western Hemisphere was closed to further European colonization 

(president john q. adams 1824-1828)

corrupt bargain: political scandal that arose when the Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, allegedly met with John Quincy Adams before the House election to break a deadlock. Adams was elected president against the popular vote and Clay was named Secretary of State.

tariff of abominations 1828: the bill favored western agricultural interests by raising tariffs or import taxes on imported hemp, wool, fur, flax, and liquor, thus favoring Northern manufacturers. In the South, these tariffs raised the cost of manufactured goods, thus angering them and causing more sectionalist feelings.

calhoun’s south carolina exposition: in 1828 Calhoun anonymously wrote this widely circulated book in which he spelled out his argument that the tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional and that aggrieved states therefore had the right to nullify the law within their borders.

(president andrew jackson 1828-1836)

kitchen cabinet: jackson's group of unofficial advisors consisting of newspaper editors and Democratic leaders that met to discuss current issues. Jackson used the Kitchen Cabinet more than his official Cabinet

second great awakening 1830s: a series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

indian removal act 1830: authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

the liberator 1831:  it was an abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison. The paper gained nationwide notoriety for its uncompromising advocacy for emancipation. The paper was resisted by many legislatures and local groups; such as in S. Carolina. The newspaper ended with the ratification of the 13th amendment, which banned all slavery in the US.

nat turner rebellion: slave from VA that led a group of slaves to kill their slaveholders and families. Turner was caught and executed on Nov.11, 1831. Slave states have stricter control on slave populations.

trail of tears: the Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

(president martin van buren 1836-1840)

republic of texas 1837: Colonized in the eighteenth century by the Spanish, the Republic of Texas declared its independence from Mexico on March 2, 1836. The Republic of Texas was not recognized by the United States until a year later in 1837.

panic of 1837:  prices began to fall in May 1837 and bank after bank refused specific payments. The Bank of the United States also failed. Speculative lending practices in the West, a sharp decline in cotton prices, a collapsing land bubble, international species flows, and restrictive lending policies in Britain were all factors.

democrats vs. whigs 1840: whigs favored economic expansion through an activist government, Democrats through limited central government. Whigs supported corporate charters, a national bank, and paper currency; Democrats were opposed to all three.

(president john tyler 1840-1844)

oregon trail 1843:  an estimated 700 to 1,000 emigrants left for Oregon. they were led initially by John Gantt, a former U.S. Army Captain and fur trader who was contracted to guide the train to Fort Hall for $1 per person.

election of 1844:  american presidential election held in 1844 in which Democratic candidate James K. Polk defeated Whig candidate Henry Clay with 170 electoral votes to Clay’s 105.

frederick douglas: a formerly enslaved man who became a prominent activist, author and public speaker. He became a leader in the abolitionist movement, which sought to end the practice of slavery, before and during the Civil War. After that conflict and the Emancipation Proclamation of 1862, he continued to push for equality and human rights until his death in 1895.

(president james k. polk 1844-1848)

annexation of texas and florida: seceded from Mexico and declared independence in response to Mexican abolition of slavery. The US adopts/annexes Texas because Southern states support Texas slavery. The North feared expansion of slavery and war with Mexico. Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or man garrisons, so Madrid decided to cede the territory to the United States in exchange for settling the boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Spanish Texas.

mexican-american war: a conflict between the United States and Mexico that took place between 1846 and 1848. The war was sparked by a dispute over the annexation of Texas by the United States and a long-standing dispute over the border between Texas and Mexico.

wilmot proviso 1847: proposal put forward by representative David Wilmot of Pennsylvania in august 1846 to ban slavery in territory acquired as a result of the mexican-american war. the proviso enjoyed widespread support in the north, but many southerners saw it as an attack on their economic and political interests.

treaty of guadalupe-hidalgo 1848: ended the war between the United States and Mexico. By its terms, Mexico ceded 55 percent of its territory, including the present-day states California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, most of Arizona and Colorado, and parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming.

seneca falls convention:  the first women's rights convention organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1848. The women met while campaigning for the abolition of slavery.   

(president zachary taylor and millard fillmore 1848-1852)

compromise of 1850: called for the admission of California as a "free state," provided for a territorial government for Utah and New Mexico, established a boundary between Texas and the United States, called for the abolition of slave trade in Washington, DC, and amended the Fugitive Slave Act.

know-nothing party (lewis levin): a former political party active in the 1850s in the NORTH which opposed immigration and Catholic influence

(president franklin pierce 1852-1856)

gadsden purchase 1853:  the 1853 treaty in which the United States bought from Mexico parts of what is now southern Arizona and southern New Mexico.

harriet beecher stowe (uncle tom’s cabin): a novel published by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 which portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral, made northerners more skeptical of slavery

kansas-nebraska act 1854: a compromise law in 1854 that suspended the Missouri Compromise and left it to voters in Kansas and Nebraska to determine whether they would be slave or free states. 

bleeding kansas 1854: nickname given to the Kansas territory because of the bloody violence there between those who wished it to enter the Union as a free state and those who fought for slavery in the territory

ostend manifesto: dispatch to the U.S.State Department from American diplomats meeting in Ostend, Belgium, suggesting that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain refused to sell it to the U.S. 

(president james buchanan 1856-1860)

dred scott decision 1857: a slave who sued the U.S. for his freedom after living in free territories. Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south

john brown’s raid at harpers ferry 1859:  Brown, with 18 assistants, seized a federal arsenal in Virginia , was eventually captured and sentenced to hanging.

secession (for and against): southern states seceded from the union in order to protect their states' rights, the institution of slavery, and disagreements over tariffs.

lincoln-douglas debates 1858: a series of seven debates. The two argued the important issues of the day like popular sovereignty, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision. Douglas won these debates, but Lincoln's position in these debates helped him beat Douglas in the 1860 presidential election.

(president abraham lincoln 1860-1865)

south carolina secession: the first state to secede from the Union in December of 1860, but the Deep South soon followed after.

fort sumter: started the Civil War, the bloodiest conflict in American history.

establishment of the confederacy: in February 1861, representatives from the six seceded states met in Montgomery, Alabama, to formally establish a unified government, which they named the Confederate States of America.

the homestead act 1862:  to encourage settlement in the west. It offered migrators free title to public land if they built a home and improved the property for 5 years.

emancipation proclamation: the necessary legislation that gave slaves their opportunity to free life in the United States. It was the culminating act of many arguments and papers by abolitionists. It was an endearing proclamation by President Lincoln to free slaves. The oppression caused by servitude was lifted.

lincoln’s 10 percent plan: allow Confederate states to establish new state governments after 10 percent of their male population took loyalty oaths and the states recognized the permanent freedom of formerly enslaved people.

wade-davis bill: radical republicans when Confederate states rebuked the ten percent plan, they were met with a tougher reaction; the 1864 Wade-Davis Bill, which said the same thing but with a majority.

sand creek massacre: a 700-man force of Colorado Territory militia attacked and destroyed a peaceful village of Cheyenne and Arapaho in southeastern Colorado Territory, killing and mutilating an estimated 70-163 Native Americans, about two-thirds of whom were women and children.

lee surrenders at appomattox: Robert E. Lee briefly engaged Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant before surrendering to the Union at Appomattox Court House. This signaled the beginning of the end of the protracted Civil War.

sherman’s march to the sea: to cripple the Confederacy's ability to wage war. They destroyed anything and everything important to the war effort, leaving ruins where Georgia's great cities once stood.

freedmen’s bureau: an early welfare agency, providing food, shelter, and medical aid for those made destitute by the war—both blacks (chiefly freed slaves) and homeless whites.

(president andrew johnson 1865-1868)

13th amendment: abolished slavery

civil rights act 1866: the first United States federal law to define US citizenship and affirmed that all citizens were equally protected by the law. It was mainly intended to protect the civil rights of African-Americans, in the wake of the American Civil War.

reconstruction acts: outlined the terms for readmission to representation of rebel states. The bill divided the former Confederate states, except for Tennessee, into five military districts.

14th amendment: granted African Americans citizenship and equal protection under the laws. 

tenure of office act 1868: United States federal law, in force from 1867 to 1887, that was intended to restrict the power of the president to remove certain office-holders without the approval of the U.S. Senate.

ku klux klan establishment: a group that was organized after the Civil war to initiate white supremacy. 

(president ulysses s. grant 1868-1876)

transcontinental railroad: linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west and stretches across a continent from coast to coast.

15th amendment: prohibited any government in the US from denying a citizen the right to vote based on "race, color, or previous condition of servitude

civil rights act 1875: guaranteed African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and prohibited exclusion from jury service.

battle of little bighorn 1876: a decisive victory for the Sioux in the short term, but in the long term, it only worsened relations between Native Americans and the U.S. government.

knights of labor: terrance  powderly members were skilled and unskilled workers, rallied for shorter work days, equal pay for men and women, and to end child labor. 

credit mobilier scanner 1872:  a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes. The bribery arose from the fact that Credit Mobilier was used to overcharge the price of constructing the railroad massively.

(president rutherford b. hayes 1876-1880)

compromise of 1877: an informal, unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential election; through it Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House on the understanding that he would remove the federal troops from South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana.

great railroad strike 1877: a group of railroad workers on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad rose up and began to strike due to wage cuts. This spread up and down the railroad line across the nation. Railroad roadhouses were torched. President Rutherford B. Hayes sent in troops to stop the strike. 100 people died in the strike 

munn vs. illinois 1877: Munn, a Chicago warehouse firm partner, was found guilty of violating a state law that provided for the fixing of maximum charges for storing grain. He was in violation of the Granger Laws of the time which were designed to channel farm protests against economic abuses. Munn, however, claimed the fixing of maximum storage rates was taking property without due process.

(president james garfield 1880-1881)

tuskegee institute 1881: normal and industrial school led by Booker T. Washington in Tuskegee, Alabama. It focused on training young black students in agriculture and the trades to help them achieve economic independence.

(president chester arthur 1881-1884)

pendleton act 1881: George hunt pendleton the federal legislation that created a system in which federal employees were chosen based upon competitive exams. This made job positions based on merit or ability and not inheritance or class.

(president grover cleveland 1884-1888)

american federation of labor:  a labor union formed in 1886 by Samuel Gompers in order to voice the working class. It fought against labor forces and debated work conditions for skilled workers.

wabash vs. illinois 1886: Supreme Court ruling that stated that states do not have the power to regulate interstate commerce, only the federal government could do that.

interstate commerce act 1886: addressed the problem of railroad monopolies by setting guidelines for how the railroads could do business. The act became law with the support of both major political parties and pressure groups from all regions of the country.

haymarket riot 1886: albert parsons Violent confrontation between police and labor protesters in Chicago that dramatized the labor movement's struggle for recognition. Radical unionists had called a mass meeting in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality in a strike action.

(president benjamin harrison 1888-1892) 

hull house founded 1889: jane addams centers were usually run by educated middle class women. The houses became centers for reform in the women's and labor movements.

gospel of wealth: Andrew Carniegies  many newly rich had worked from poverty to wealth, and thus felt that some people in the world were destined to become rich and then help society with their money.

booker t. washington: encouraged blacks to keep to themselves and focus on the daily tasks of survival, rather than leading a grand uprising. Believed that building a strong economic base was more critical at that time than planning an uprising or fighting for equal rights.

elizabeth cady stanton: formulated the first organized demand for woman suffrage in the United States

sherman antitrust act 1890: a law passed by Congress in 1890 that was designed to combat the monopolies that were running rampant in American business.

north american women’s suffrage association 1890: organization coupled its drive for full woman suffrage with support of World War I and persuaded President Woodrow Wilson to throw his support behind what was to become the Nineteenth Amendment

battle of wounded knee 1890:  the last major armed conflict between the Lakota Sioux and the United States, subsequently described as a "massacre" by General Nelson A. Miles in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.

homestead strike 1892: act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30

(president grover cleveland 1892-1896)

depression of 1893: a national economic crisis set off by the collapse of two of the country's largest employers, the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and the National Cordage Company. 

pullman strike 1894: eugene victor debbs nonviolent strike (brought down the railway system in most of the West) at the Pullman Palace Car Co. over wages - Prez. Cleveland shut it down because it was interfering with mail delivery

coxey’s army: a protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by Ohio businessman Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time, demanding economic relief.

bryan’s cross of gold speech 1896: speech delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. The speech advocated bimetallism. 

plessy vs. ferguson 1896: with the supreme court’s “separate but equal” decision in plessy v. ferguson in 1896, racial segregation had been the rule in the south and, unofficially in much of the north.