Using scientific vocabulary from this unit, describe how boats can either float or sink in the water. Include the three ways that explain if a boat will sink or not.

Boats float or sink based on buoyancy, density, and displacement. Buoyancy is the upward force that water exerts on an object. If this force is greater than or equal to the boat’s weight, the boat will float. If it’s less, the boat will sink.

The density of the boat also matters. If the boat’s average density is less than water’s density, it will float. A ship is made of metal, but because it’s hollow, it has a lot of air inside, which lowers its overall density.

When a boat is placed in water, it displaces some of the water. Archimedes' Principle states that an object will float if it displaces an amount of water equal to or greater than its weight. A small solid metal block will sink because it doesn’t displace enough water to support its weight, but a large, hollow boat does.

This is why ships can carry heavy cargo without sinking—they are designed to displace enough water to stay afloat

Explain the relationship between density and the states of matter. Name two fluids, one that has high density and one that has low density.

The density of a substance depends on its state of matter because it measures how tightly packed the particles are. Solids usually have the highest density because their particles are closely packed in a fixed structure. Liquids are less dense since their particles are more spread out but still close together. Gases have the lowest density because their particles are far apart and move freely.For Example: Honey is a high-density fluid because its particles are closely packed, making it thick and heavier for its size. Oil is a low-density fluid because its particles are more spread out, making it thin and lighter for its size.

How does temperature affect the viscosity of a liquid?

Temperature affects the viscosity of liquids. As temperature increases, viscosity decreases because the particles move faster and slide past each other more easily, making the liquid flow better. For example, honey becomes runnier when heated.

Compare the compressibility of liquids and gases. Be sure to reference the particle theory.

Compressibility is the ability of a substance to be reduced in volume when pressure is applied to it. It describes how easily the particles of a substance can be squeezed closer together.Gases are highly compressible, while liquids are hard to compress. According to particle theory, gas particles are far apart with lots of empty space between them, allowing them to be squeezed closer together when pressure is applied. This is why gases can be compressed into smaller volumes, like in an air tank. In contrast, liquid particles are close together with very little space between them, so they cannot be compressed easily. This is why squeezing a water bottle doesn’t change the volume of the liquid inside.

Explain Pascal’s Law and describe using at least 1 example.

Pascal's Law says that when you apply pressure to a fluid in a closed space, that pressure is spread out evenly in all directions. So, if you push on one part of the fluid, it pushes on all other parts with the same amount of force.

Example: Car Lift An example of this is a hydraulic lift, which is used to lift heavy objects like cars. It has two pistons connected by a tube filled with fluid. When you apply force to the smaller piston, it creates pressure in the fluid. This pressure is then transferred to the larger piston. Since the larger piston has a bigger surface area, the force on it is stronger, allowing it to lift the heavy car. Even though you are applying a small force to the small piston, the hydraulic system can lift something much heavier because the pressure is spread out across the fluid and works on the larger piston.

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