History Exam Final

Final Exam Material 

Religion of Abraham 

Torah  

• Holy Book of Judaism 

• Religious  

Rabbinic Literature  

• Writing of the teacher( RABYES)  

and the priests  

• Rabyes are more important and priests aren’t as important 

Types of Literatures of Rabbinic  

• Mishna  

• Talmud   

• Midrash  

Josephus- “Romanized” Jewish Author A.D 1^st century  

• Comes from the priestly class 

• Jewish rebellion(fought by the Romans, captured by the Romans)  

• Became the Jewish emperor. 

Hebrews: comes from the tribe of Abraham was from  

• Habiru- Abraham 

• City UR- Mesopotamia city of states:; he left UR  

• In search of a  green pastor  

• El Shaddai: God Abraham worshipped( he of the MOUNTAIN)  

Jacob: grandson of Abraham 

• He goes up to a mountain to talk with God. I have a new main.”  

• Wrestles with a divine force. ( I am Israel, you become Israelites)  

Israelites:  

• There is a promised land.  

• Wandering continues  

Moses 

• Yahweh: the one; instead of yastinh  

• Ten commandments:  

• Monotheism: can’t way they were all monotheistic  

• Paganism: live in the country, not sophisticated  

• Welcomed Abraham another god 

Philistines:  

• It becomes a region and a southern region (kingdom of Judah) and the Kingdom  of Israel becomes a northern region)  

• Egyptian text: weren’t there originally, became the Philistines  

• Palestine: 

•  many people living in the region 

• Judah  

• Temple gets destroyed(warfare)- Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in 6^th CBC  

Jews: people of nebuchadnezzar faith)  

• One temple: the temple was rebuilt.  

• Diaspora: forced migration 

• Temple rebuilt second temple  

• Destroyed by the Romans (will not be rebuilt)  

Josephus’ Judaism: (similarities Jews, Christians)  

•  There are many different ways that you practice Judaism.  

Sadducees: strict literal interpretation of written laws  

• It’s impossible( no camel to the eye of the needle”  

ALLEGORY  

• Find a holy book, you will always have that division( different ways of believing it)  

Pharisees:  

• Story with a moral  

• Flexible interpretation of written and oral laws  

Essenes  

• Ascetic communities  

• One branch did not marry ; they believed in cavalcade( cellivicacy  

• Shared material possessions by the community  

Zealots  

• Zeal ace: particular, passionate  

• NO King but GOD  

• The king shouldn’t be a part of the kingdom ( some people did)  

• Believe there shouldn’t be a Jewish king  

Samaritans 

• Believe a strict interpretation of the Torah -when the decision was made, Jerusalem gods chosen site for the temple,  

• Mt Gerizim not Jerusalem is the chosen location of the temple; gods chosen location for the temple  

• Jerusalem and mt Gerizim- both chosen location of the temple 

•  Reject Rabbinic Literature 

• How can you worship without a temple?  

• Literature highlights how you can be a jew without the temple  

• Still have priests 

Christianity ( a lot of connections between religions)  

• Followers of Christ identified as Jews 

• Roman and Legal  historical texts  

• Church councils – first church councils created by Constantine, comes full of churches, stacked by the Christian barbarians 

• Church Literature: by church officials 

• Historians: Eusebius: History of the Church; first ___  

• Bishop: Eusebius history of the Church  

Persecution by the Romans  

• Exception rather than the norm to persecute Christians  

• Nero: fire burned 1/3 city of Rome  

• Nero blamed ____ for the fire  

• Trajan: coast of modern day turkey 

• Pliny has trouble with Christians, governor of plinia 

• In charge of keeping the peace 

• Gotta keep the gods happy, governor abides this rule  

•  Put in jails: many people come to Pliny, “ Many are Christians go put them in jail”  accusing them they were Christians to manipulate them 

• Trajan: don’t do this  

• If some is accused they are the Christian you don’t automatically put in jail, evaluate it and if they aren’t the person who accused get charged. Persecuted because they weren’t sacrificed 

• Decius Persecution: Empire Wide  

• Wanted everyone to sacrifice to the major gods and goddesses of Roman religion 

• Wants the god on his side  

• “Take a bite of the burger” get   a certificate that you sacrificed  

• He was only an emperor for only a year and got Killed fighting the next emperor  

• Diocletian:  

• Kept issuing laws that got harsher against the Christians  

Christian Rome  

Constantine- adopt Christianity as his main religion 

Official governor support(churches, preferential treatment, bishop( wealthy Christians) polytheistic, used their wealth, the members of communities, go them to settle disputes  

Edict of Milan  

• Stopped persecution of Christians  

• Will be tolerated  

• Council of Nicea  

• Nature of Jesus state support for Christianity  

WHAT WAS JESUS? GOD OR PURELY HUMAN?  

Julian  

• Last emperor to claim he is a ___  

Theodosius I 

• Nicene Christianity is the state religion  

• What was created under the Council of Nicaea 

• Persecution of heretics  

The Great Christoloigical Debate  

• Ebionites  

• - Chrisitan was completely human ( the idea that )  

Arianism 

• Christ nature was similar to that of gods but the same. His divinity was less then gods divinity.  

Similar but not the same  

Nestorianism:  

• Christ is both a human and a divine nature 

• Christ Separate human and divine culture  

• Souls go to the Olympus and one goes to the human life  

Monophysitism  

• Jesus was god in human form 

Neo-Platonism 

• Plato:  

• Chrisitan Neo Platonism  

• Everyone’s soul is a part of a god  

• Form of Christian that  everyone’s soul is a part of god 

Islam  

Muhammad – the last prophet, last correction the relgion  

Allah- the one 

Developed on the Arabian Peninsula 

Koran: Holy Book( Qur’an)  

• It means recitation( saying it was important)  

• Speaking of the “spell”  

• Muhammad Abraham and Jesus didn't write them 

• Uthman ibin Affan – written the Koran?  

Sahabah – companions of Muhammad, inner council, who were with them on a daily basis 

Sunnah ( practice) Hadith ( account) words deeds approvals of Muhammad.  

Ibn Ishaq  

• Life the messenger of god (wrote the religious book related to Muhammad ) 

People of the Arabian peninsula: many participated in the trade  

• Nomad  

• Sheikh – led chief , tribal leader, military leader combined  

• Polytheistic  

• Used stone to represent their gods  

•  God Blocks: shrines to the gods 

Mecca: where Muhammad was from , city of trade  

• Biggest important city of the Arabian peninsula 

• Cosmopolitan city  

• Ka’aba: place; shrine over shrine blocks, if you are on business, go and worship your god, 300 stones there, *  

Quraysh- Muhammad was belong to the tribe 

The tribe that  was dominated in Mecca  

Visited by Greek age – Gabriel- finds that they aren’t just one god( check this)  

Caliph: leader in political and religious sense  

Mecca- important in arabia peninsula  

Quarhysh 

Ka’aba  

Caliph 

 Medine   

Higira( turning point)  

 AD 630 conquest of mecca 

 AD 632- death of Muhammad  

Religious Concepts  

• Sin- live a life that is not proper 

• Heaven and hell  

• After life- good or bad afterlife 

• Monotheism- huge change for the arabian peninsula  

• Geography and climate of the Arabian peninsula ( heaven and hell)  

Five Pillars  

• Prayer : city of Mecca, praying  

• Charity : not present in polytheistic world.  

• Fasting: purify the body, focus on their spiritual well-being,  

• Pilgrimage :  

• Acceptance of Allah and Muhammad 

Some Islams  

• Sunni- leader chosen by the community  

• Shi’a- only descendants of Muhammad ;  

• Huge argument to deem him as king of Shi’a  

• -Ibadi=not in a particular faith, you are considered an unbeliever,  

Hell is forever 

 Quranic- only follow the Quran :  

Knowledge 

• Mathematics (concept of zero and empty set)  

• Preservation and commentaries of Greek Texts  

•  School was very important  

• Many Greek texts were missing because of the all the__  

• West reconnected with Muslims with the east, then the Greek texts were rediscovered 

•  

• Because of the build-up of trade networks, there is no middle class at the beginning  

• People who are either really poor( very big) really rich ( very little)  

Feudalism 

• Type of government where political power is held locally by private individuals.  

• Personal dependence  

• One person pledges to serve another in exchange for some reward. 

Feudalism foundations  

• Personal dependence  

• One person pledges to serve another in exchange for some reward 

• Land Tenancy  

• The land owner allows another use of the land in exchange for the service and payment 

• Modern day: landlord and paying rent each month 

• The Feudal System 

• Monarch: controls the land ( K)  

• Vassals: noble who wants to use the land( wealth), lords of the manor: plantation big farm 

• Fief: whatever the land is involved 

• Vikings: controlled a huge slave trade( England) 

•  Magyars    

• Fiefdoms: further shows feudalism  

•  

Feudal contract 

• Depends on the reactions( they can be both  

• Lord 

• Think of landlord  

• Who controls the land  

• Vassal 

• Rents the land  

• Tenant  

• Commendation: formal ceremony or the act of swearing allegiance to a superior in return for protection  

• Homage: think of signing a contract today – swearing an oath of loyalty and performing certain obligations 

• Fealty: another word for loyalty  

• Ring or Piece of Earth  

• Either is exchanging  

• Shows the vassal has control over the land that was given 

• Investiture 

• The deal is sealed the land has been formally turned over 

Obligations of the Lord  

1. Protect the vassal ( return the land to me, I have vassals, thieves, and killing farmwork, basically helps them) 

2. Provide justice aka court system. 

Obligations of the Vassal  

1. Loyalty and good conduct to the lord  

2. Military service(40 days of the year)- basically you are responsible for sending troops 

3. Advise and counsel the lord 

4. Monetary Aid  

1. Pay cash  

2. Knighting of the lord’s eldest son; contributed money  

3. Marriage of the lord’s eldest daughter; contribute to the dowry; married land or something that went with her 

4. Hospitality: most hated obligation 

1. When the lord visits the vassal pays expenses of feeding entertaining and housing the lord (and his entourage) you travel and you have the vassal to pay for it; if you are on the bottom tier, you don’t get much and its challenging 

Feudal Incident  

• Originally obligations and priivledges associated with the lord ownership of the land  

• Vassal  

• Responsible for maintaining the property 

• The vassal’s heir paid the relief*  

• If you die, the family pays the relief: inherence tax NOBLE- death tax or inheritance tax between the nobles  

• Lord  

• Wardship over the Vassals children: as the lord in the agreement, yo get o decide what education, career help( church, and education government control how powerful the family can become 

• Infidelity- faithful, breaking the contract  

• Example, you take soldiers late, not paying rent on time  

• Forfeiture: giving up the land  

• Subinfeudation subleasing the land to a lesser vassal 

Poor  

Nobility: loyalty and bravery 

• Chivalry: how men treat women  

• How nobles treat other nobles 

• Let the more important people go by 

Lower Classes:  

• Manor (manorialism)  

• Self-sufficient economic unit, never have to leave, its dangerous 

• Serfs(Serfdom)  

• Workers on the manor, poor 

• Lives are often serfdom”, POOR  

Obligations of Serfs 

Corvee:  

Work of the lord’s land  

Labor has required the serf on the lord’s field  

Taille:  

Tax of a percentage of crops from the Serf’s fields 

3. To use the crops  

4. Banalities: tax to use the lord’s equipment  

Heriot Death Tax : continue to belong on the manor you have to pay of a tax to keep your membership of the manor 

Judicial taxes  

Provide justice for the lords 

Traveling judges that stop by the manor to court to settle disagreements. 

Tithes 

• A tenth income to the church 

Church official where manors  

Ecclesiastical ESTATES: REVIEW FOR TUESDAY 

Final Exam Lecture 5/14/24 

Medieval Cities  

• Trade fairs were important for economic change  

• Near several traders come to the trade fair  

• Traveling trade fairs, and stayed there  

• TRADE FAIRS LED TO CITIES  

• Towers were the expression of city’s power and importance  

• Needed workers; then offered them a higher deal and they will migrate for a better life  

• Built towers that you are prosperous, and your house is powerful and for protection 

• Fortification walls build high on ground  

• High ground is easier to defend  

• Most people did not live in cities 

•  Decline in violence in this time, led to trade increases  

• Increase in number of cities was most important as it got us off the bridge 

•   Demographic change as people left the manors for cities  

• Significant l changes sometimes led to better working conditions and a better life  

Linguistic Divide  

• Education: privately or done by the church (catholic church) >>> change 

• Had to read and write (the language of the empire, the government, and educated people) LATIN 

• Wanted them to be good at their job  

• Vernacular Language the commonpeople spoke 

• French  

• Spanish  

• English  

• German  

• Most popular was literature about the church ( about the officials )  

• Medieval College 

•  had master's degree(took 6 years)  

• Had Doctor’s Degree (theology, law, medicine, and took 13 years beyond masters)  

Their Knowledge of College of Theology to their Master’s Degree 

•  Commenting on texts ( take the text and  

•  scholarship dessect their arguments ( missing, what aregood the bad)  

• Lectio: where we get lecture from, where the teacher talks to you  

• Sorbonne in Paris- still functions today  

Medieval Philosophy 

• Tied to theology  

• Whether the human mind would grasp religious truth”  

• Can we understand how God wants us to live?  

• Disagreed wit their _____________________ 

• Peter Abelard- belonged to a medieval scholars that believed that you use logic or reasoning( critical approach) to take a critical approach to theology  

• Aristotle( abelard was influenced by Peter)   

• Group of scholars who appplied logic and reasont otunderstand the idea of religous truth 

•  Bonavecture  

• If you  ___ you never understand it if god will revealed reliigous truth to them  

• Mystical Illumination: you could be a dirt farmer if god wanted you for that understanding  

• Summa Theologiae –34 volumes 

• Logic has to be Controlled disciplined channeled revealed  

• Outlined the sides the scholastic it had good ____________ 

•  It's up to god 

• Medieval Literature  

• Becomes more “historical” - brecause the history is not as accruate  

• Biography_ of church officials, also secular rulers and mayors  

Vernacular Literature 

• Begins to written in the vernacular literature  

Medieval Epic- super long poem  

Becomes localized, they each have their own literature 

Example  

- English : Beowwulf  

• Scandinavia: Eddas  

• Germany  

• Charlemagne the time rule of rome and now the rule ofgermanty 

•  France Song of Roland – SPain: roland is thecommander of the roman troops, does something to the soaniads and becomes a very admired person 

Lyric Poetry –SONGS 

•  Troubadours : wandering musician who specialized in music ,and travel, was a spy, who rich are these people?  

• Love songs  becomes very popular 

Romance  

• Medieval romance: all about adventure  

• Historicla people who are being created very made up  

•  EX:  alexander the great going to africa 

Dante Alighieri 

•  Divine comedy  

• Gets us to the end of the bridge 

•  Hell and purgatory and heaven  

• Two world s one in the rennissance  

• Located in Florence Italy  

• About the journey to the underworld 

• Example of the blended of these: sees a lot of people from Dante's time  and sees popes  

• Religious centered like the roman world ( HE RELATES A LOT ABOUT THE CONTRAST WITH  ROME) 

Romanesque  

• Based on a roman basilica form  

• Large rectangular hall  

• Semicircular aspse one end  

• Great stone arches on the exterior  

Example: how people in medieval world took the roman basscica and adapted it to their own kind of style  

• Church de Foy – France 

Gothic  

• Orginiated in Ffrance  

• Emphasized on light and height  

- light to let light out the windoes and openings, it looks light and it doesn't look heavy  

• So high that it doesn’t look super heavy  

• Ex. Notre Dame  

And main one is Chartres 

• Lots of stain glass windows and decorated stonework  

•  Pointed arch  

Similarities of Aztec Inca and Maya  

• Left us the most things to study 

• Warrior Cultures: warfare was common and practices on a large scale all ruled vast territories by conquering and enslaving their neighbors  

• Religion 

•  Polytheistic  

• Andromorphic  

• Zoomorphic  

• Animistic  

• Human Sacrifice (very important): they were buried with servants  

• After life- the person becomes the servant  

• Happened on a major scale  

• Keep reviving their life force by conquering their neighbors acquire their people for sacrifice  

Class Structure  

• King ( occasionally queens) 

• Nobles ( Elites)  

• Commoners  

• Slaves  

Architecture  

• Immense pyramid like temples for the purpose for human sacrifice  

• Blood would run down to the temple and enviring  the earth  

Differences in the Aztec Inca and Maya  

• Maya has no contact european cultures  

• Obtaining human sacrifice ( greek city states) - Maya only ruled the city within the city states  

• Collaspsed hundreds of years before european cultures  

• ( ADD MORE  HERE, REFER TO POWERPOINT)  

Aztecs  

• Codices 

• Mostly comes from post European contact  

• Can be in latin Spanish and Nahuatl ( local language ) of pictorial texts 

• Histories list of maps  

• Pictorial Texts were colorful  

• Called as the Mexica: where we get mexico  

• Migrated to mexico from their legendary land  of the origin  Aztlan ( somewhere north of mexico)  

• Fought several wars ( were very strong and powerful) with earlier inhabitants in the region  

•  Established their capital city of Tenochtitlan on island in a lake  

• Only have to defend that one roadway , the lake acted the fortification laws*  

• Quickly conquered the people, but many hated aztec rule and resisted  imperialism  

• Tlaxcalans, Teolititlan, Yopitzingo, and Mitztec  

• These people assisted the Spanish( more in ppt)  

• Pyramid like structures that were built by the Aztecs*  

• Aztec elites used a lot of feathers to label them as “Elite” used headdresses ( like the other elites had silk)  

Incan civilization 

• Incan conquered _  

• Tawantinsuyu center of four quarters ( four quarters means the world, chosen people to rule the world)  

• Labor taxation instead of tribute -  

• Mita: forced labor, work on huge porjects, architecture  

• Mitimaqs: Incas refers to entire communities conquered people who were relocated and taken away to work on the inca and less likely to  rebel  

• Quipu: ropes with knots used certainly for accounting purposes and probably as a form of communication, be able to read it was lost ( couldn’t read it)  

Religion 

• The sun was the most important city  

• Sapa Inca: Incan emperor who the son of the sun married his sister(think Egypt)  

• Machu Picchu- function was unknown because of their location 

Mayan Civilization 

• Archaeological remains  

• Codices( like the ones of the Aztec)  

• Dresden codex is important example  

• Sources: came over with conquistadors and took down their history and story  

• Bishop Diego de Landa:  

Mayan glyphs  

• Symbols of high pictographic and phonetic (was a written language) that represent sounds and can be phonetically speak the language  

Maya didn‘t create an empire like aztec and inca and human sacrifice was mainly practiced  

People of Crow Creek- Lived in small groups and villages which was on crow creek of south Dakota  

• Eventually they dig the massive ditch for the resistance of their village 

Crow Creek Massacre 

• Only 800-900 people were found  

• They were buried in the deep ditch 

• 90% of people were scalped( barely cut skin and pull it off, and hang it from spear, symbolize the bravery to get super close to that warrior 

• Many survived the scalping and had additional wounds , the scalped wounds were healed 

•  The suffered long term malnutrition  

• Bodies were exposed before they were placed on the ditch  

•  They buried them in the ditch with a layer of clay on top to stop scavenging the animals 

•  Cross Creek was not inhabited